Primine

Derivatives. Scopoletin [92-61-5] (6-methoxyumbeUiferone) (38) occurs, for example, in Solanaceae as a growth factor in plants. Primin [15121 -94-5] (2-methoxy-6-pentyl-l,4-benzoquinone) is a skin irritant isolated from Primula ohconica. Versicolin [4389 4-0]... 

Toxicants may have three effects on pulse rate bradycardia (decreased rate), tachycardia (increased rate), and arrhythmia (irregular pulse). Alcohols may cause either bradycardia or tachycardia. Amphetamines, belladonna alkaloids, cocaine, and tricyclic antidepressants (see imi-primine hydrochloride in Figure 6.12) may cause either tachycardia or arrhythmia. Toxic doses of digitalis may result in bradycardia or arrhythmia. The pulse rate is decreased by toxic exposure to carbamates, organophosphates, local anesthetics, barbiturates, clonidine, muscaric mushroom toxins, and opiates. In addition to the substances mentioned above, those that cause arrhythmia are arsenic, caffeine, belladonna alkaloids, phenothizine, theophylline, and some kinds of solvents. 

ISOL, N ISOLANE (FRENCH) (l-ISOPROPIL-3-METIL-lH-PIRAZOL-5-IL)-N,N-DIMETIL-CARBAMMATO (ITALIAN) (1-ISOPROPYL-3-METHYL-1H-PYRAZOL-5- t L)-N,N-DIMETHYLCARBA LAAT (DUTCH) (1-ISOPROPYL-3-METHYL-lH-PYRAZOL-5-YL)-N,N-DIMETHYL-CARBAMAT (GERMAN) ISOPROPYL-METHYLPYRAZOLYLDIMETHYLCARBAMATE 1-ISOPROPYL-3-METHYL-5-PYRAZOLYL DIMETHYL-CARBAMATE 1-ISOPROPYL-3-METHYLPYRAZOLYL-(5)-DIMETHYLCARBAMATE 5-METHYL-2-ISOPROP- I L-S-PYR.AZOLYL DIMETHYLCARBAMATE PRIMIN... 

Primin (2-methoxy-6-n-pentyl-1,4-benzoquinone) has been synthesised from the oxidation of 2-methoxy-6-n-pentylphenol with Fremy s salt (the Teuber reaction) by the route indicated (ref. 46). 

The leaf of various species of Primula contains the compound primin, a potent sensitizer that causes contact dermatitis in sensitive persons (Aplin and Lovell 2001 Ingber and Menne 1990). Primula dermatitis typically manifests as linear streaks of erythema with vesicles and bullae on the forearms, vesicles on the fingers, and sometimes on the face (Zachariae et al. 2007). The underground parts of cowslip do not contain primin, and thus no cutaneous effects... 

Ingber, A., and T. Menne. 1990. Primin standard patch testing 5 years experience. Contact Dermat. 23(1) 15-19. 

Zachariae, C., K. Engkilde, J.D. Johansen, and T. Menne. 2007. Primin in the European standard patch test series for 20 years. Contact Dermat. 56(6) 344-346. 

These negative experiments with nickel show that, if there is any similarity between the sensitization of the guinea pig and of man (primine, DNCB, phenyl-hydrazine), this resemblance is sometimes difficult to demonstrate (N. Hunziker, 1960). 

The resemblance of the eczematous reactions of the guinea pig and man in the histological examination has also been remarked by several authors Bloch and Steiner-Wourlisch (1930) with primine eczema, Brunsting and Bailey (1935) with ragweed, Baer, Rosenthal and Sims (1956), Grimmer and Spier (1961) with DNCB etc. 

Primula dermatitis can be occupational [117], but usually one sees an older housewife with a dermatitis of the fingertips and streaks and patchy eczema on the hands, face [118] (especially the eyelids) [119] and arms [9, 120]. Primula obconica (Fig. 9) is such a common contact allergen in Europe that about i.o-i.8% of persons routinely patch tested react to the causative allergen, primin (0.01% in petrolatum) as part of the European screening series [118]. The eruption may not be suspected until the positive patch test appears [118], and the nondescript pattern may suggest an endogenous cause [118]. Rarely, one sees a reaction to the plant when the patch test to primin is negative [121]. 

The antigen in Primulay primin, is available in 0.01% concentration in the ICDRG series from Chemotechnique and Trolab... 

Primula dermatitis is usually seen outside the occupational setting. However, those raising the plant are at some risk. Primula dermatitis takes several forms, especially on the hands and face, but it may also be widespread. Patch-test reading of tests to primin ostensibly are most likely to be positive on day 4, according to some [117]. 

Ingber A, Menne T (1990) Primin standard patch testing 5 years experience. Contact Dermatitis 23 15-19 Santucci B, Picardo M (1992) Occupational contact dermatitis to plants. Clin Dermatol 10 157-165 Kuach DL (1987) Field focus handle with care. Greenhouse Grower 5 86-90... 

Tabar AI, Quirce S, Garcia BE, Rodriguez A, Olaguibel JM (1994) Primula dermatitis versatility in its clinical presentation and the advantages of patch tests with synthetic 147. primin. Contact Dermatitis 30 47-48... 

Hausen BM (1978) On the occurrence of the contact allergen primin and other quinoid compounds in species of the 154. family of Primu/aceae. Arch Dermatol Res 261 311-321... 

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