Primary refining process

AHoy scrap containing tin is handled by secondary smelters as part of their production of primary metals and alloys lead refineries accept solder, tin drosses, babbitt, and type metal. This type of scrap is remelted, impurities such as iron, copper, antimony, and zinc are removed, and the scrap is returned to the market as binary or ternary alloy. The dross obtained by cleaning up the scrap metal is returned to the primary refining process. 

Distillation is a common method for the fractionation of petroleum that is used in the laboratory as well as in refineries. The technique of distillation has been practiced for many centuries, and the stills that have been employed have taken many forms (Speight, 1999). Distillation is the first and the most fundamental step in the refining process (after the crude oil has been cleaned and any remnants of brine removed) (Bland and Davidson, 1967 Speight, 1999, and references cited therein Speight and Ozum, 2002, and references cited therein), which is often referred to as the primary refining process. Distillation involves the separation of the various hydrocarbon compounds that occur naturally in a crude oil into a number of different fractions (a fraction is often referred to as a cut). 

The first and the most fundamental step in the refining process (after the crude oil has been cleaned and any remnants of brine removed) is distillation (Nelson, 1958 Bland and Davidson, 1967 Speight, 1999, and references cited therein Speight and Ozum, 2002, and references cited therein), which is often referred to as the primary refining process. 

Manufacture and Recovery. Electrolytic copper refinery slimes are the principal source of selenium and its sister element, tellurium, atomic numbers 34 and 52, respectively. Electrolytic copper refinery slimes are those constituents in the copper anode which are not solubilized during the refining process and ultimately accumulate in the bottom of the electrorefining tank. These slimes are periodically recovered and processed for their metal values. Slimes generated by the refining of primary copper, copper produced from ores and concentrates, generally contain from 5—25% selenium and 2—10% tellurium. 

Facility Manager Ray Leonard is the task force s primary contact for the test. Ray is now assisting us with designing the pilot, and will be responsible for all communications, administration, and other management functions associated with its installation. He will provide weekly progress reports, and will be a strong contributor to the system review and refinement process once the test is complete. 

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) continues to play a key role in an integrated refinery as the primary conversion process. For many refiners, the cat cracker is the key to profitability in that the successful operation of the unit determines whether or not the refiner can remain competitive in today s market. 

Petroleum refining Primary distillation process Sludges containing hydrocarbons... 

Production operations are subject to a number of regulations, including those imposed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),6 7 the Clean Water Act (CWA),8 and the Clean Air Act (CAA).9 A number of RCRA-listed hazardous wastes are produced during primary refining operations that require the heating of ores to remove impurities. Specific pretreatment standards under the CWA apply to the processes associated with copper and aluminum. Lastly, large amounts... 

After pretreatment, the scrap is ready for smelting. Although the type and quality of the feed material determines the processes the smelter will use, the general fire-refining process is essentially the same as for the primary copper smelting industry. 

Sulfur dioxide is generated in large quantities during the primary zinc refining process and sulfur fixation is carried out concurrently with the primary production process in order to meet CAA emission standards. Concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the off-gas vary with the type of roaster operation. Typical concentrations for multiple-hearth, suspension, and fluidized-bed roasters are 4.5 to 6.5%, 10 to 13%, and 7 to 12%, respectively. This sulfur dioxide is then converted into sulfuric acid. 

Refining is the most important of all the processes to which fibres are subjected, in terms of developing pulp suspension characteristics and final sheet properties, and a great deal of research has been carried out into understanding the process more fundamentally. Whilst there is still much controversy about certain aspects of the refining process and its effects upon the fibres, a number of things are widely accepted. Firstly the primary cell wall, which does not... 

In addition, oily sludge from a wastewater treatment facility that results from treating sour wastewaters may be a hazardous waste (unless recycled in the refining process). These include API separator sludge, primary treatment sludge, sludge from various gravitational separation units, and float from dissolved air flotation units. 

Petroleum is a thick, dark liquid composed mostly of hydrocarbons whose molecules have from 5 to 25 carbon atoms. Natural gas, composed of hydrocarbons whose molecules have 1 to 4 carbon atoms, is often found associated with petroleum deposits. Because petroleum is a mixture of various compounds, in order for it to be used, it must be separated into fractions by the refining process. Oil refineries start with the mixture of compounds in the crude oil and by means of distillation and catalysts separate it into more usable fractions. Shorter-chain hydrocarbons boil at a lower temperature than longer-chain hydrocarbons, and so boiling is a way of separating the components of the mixture. Table 13.2 shows the primary uses of the fractions once they are separated. 

JMULSIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ALMOST EVERY PART of the petroleum production and recovery process in reservoirs, produced at wellheads, in many parts of the refining process, and in transportation pipelines. In each case the presence and nature of emulsions can determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. This book is intended to provide an introduction to the nature, occurrence, handling, formation, and breaking of petroleum emulsions. The primary focus is on the applications of the principles and includes attention to practical emulsion problems. 

Once bullion lead has been recovered via the various primary and secondary smelting operations, it must undergo a refining process to remove impurities. Bullion... 

Copper. For most antimonial alloys, this element does not have to be removed as alloys often specify the element. In calcium and soft-lead alloys, it is removed by the addition of sulfur (or iron pyrites/sulfur) to the bullion lead, as in the sulfur dressing process in primary refining. 

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