Primary controller metabolism

Many molecular definitions of a gene relate to their role in directing the production of specific proteins. Production of protein itself is made possible via certain enzymes known as polymerases. Various DNAs and RNAs could not be produced without these polymerases and therefore they are of primary importance. Numerous other enzymes are produced that control metabolic and catabolic processes (enzymatically), provide structural components, and perform regulatory functions in cells. 

The metabolite profiles of 40 GM potato lines and controls belonging to Desiree and Record varieties modified in primary carbon metabolism, starch synthesis, glycoprotein processing or polyamine/ethylene metabolism were analysed (Defemez et al., 2004). The NMR and HPLC-UV profiles of the tuber extracts of these samples were recorded and PC A was performed on both datasets the most... 

Crop production can be regarded as essentially the conversion of solar radiatiort, water and soil nutrients into useful end-products. The influences of various aspects of weather and climate on potential crop production can be mtmeroits and varied. For instance, simshine and rainfall could be cortsidered as primary controls of production because of their immediate influence on the rate of crop metabolism, nutrient uptake, tiugidity, biochemical processes within the plant and crop stracture, as well as their effect on soil and air temperature. In addition there will be an effect from topography, geographical position and proximity to bodies of water. Other climatic elements such as frosts, wind and hirmidity will also have an... 

Understanding mechanisms controlling metabolon localization in plastids of different membrane architectures Little is known about metabolon structure, assembly, and membrane targeting. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway exists on plastid membranes. However, plastids have different membrane architectures and therefore tissue- and plastid-specific differences in membrane targeting of the biosynthetic metabolon can be expected. Localization in chloroplasts that harbor both thylakoid and envelope membranes differs from the envelope membranes in endosperm amy-loplasts. In fact, localization on both thylakoid and envelope membranes implies that the carotenoid pathway is really not a single pathway, but a duplicated pathway that may very well have membrane-specific roles with regard to functions in primary and secondary metabolism. 

A variety of different types of tissue preparation are used to study neurosecretion and synaptic transmission. A classical preparation is the frog NMJ (discussed below). The brain slice has been used for many years for biochemical studies of CNS metabolism and is a useful preparation for electrophysiological studies of synaptic transmission in the CNS. Slices can be oriented to maintain the local neuronal circuitry and can be thin, 0.3 mm, to minimize anoxia. The transverse hippocampal slice is widely used as an electrophysiological preparation to study synaptic plasticity (see Ch. 53). Primary cultures of neurons from selected CNS areas and sympathetic ganglia are also frequently used. They permit excellent visual identification of individual neurons and control of the extracellular milieu, but the normal neuronal connections are disrupted. 

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