Price-determining/deriving

These characteristics include identical or near-identical products, prices determined by a free market, a large number of fragmented/atomistic producers, few barriers to entry, low profit margins, the existence of a lorig production chain between minit (or recycliiig) and the final consumer. The lead (and copper, ziiK and tin) industry has exhibited most of these features for well over a century. Several of the ideas in this section have been derived from the Commodities Research Unit (CRU) (1985). 

Patchouli alcohol. Patchouli oil comes from Pogostemonpatchouli and the main constituent is patchouli alcohol [5986-55-0] (105) or patchoulol. Another component of the essential oil is norpatchoulenol (106), a norsesquiterpene derivative as a minor (3—5%) constituent, important ia determining the overall odor of the essential oil (197). The price of patchouli oil ia 1995 was 20.90/kg from Indonesia (69). Alarge proportion of the oil (40—60%) is comprised of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons that do not have much odor value. World production of the oil was at about 750 t ia 1984. It is valuable ia perfumery bases because of its characteristic woody, herbaceous odor (198). 

The main characteristics which determine the performance of a wavefront corrector are the number of actuators, actuator stroke and the temporal response. The number of actuators will determine the maximum Strehl ratio which can be obtained with the AO system. The price of a deformable mirror is directly related to the number of actuators. The actuator stroke should be enough to compensate wavefront errors when the seeing is moderately poor. This can be derived from the Noll formula with ao = 1.03. For example, on a 10m telescope with ro = 0.05m at 0.5 m, the rms wavefront error is 6.7 /xm. The deformable mirror stroke should be a factor of at least three times this. It should also include some margin for correction of errors introduced by the telescope itself. The required stroke is too large for most types of deformable mirror, and it is common practice to off-load the tip-tilt component of the wave-front error to a separate tip-tilt mirror. The Noll coefficient a2 = 0.134 and... 

Propagation of pulses of intense light through condensed media opens a plethora of new possibilities over and above those that derive from free-space propagation. At the same time, there is a price to be paid in that concomitantly, the condensed medium also presents much more complexity as far as physical descriptions of the gamut of processes that determine the propagation dynamics are concerned. Nevertheless, there are several compelling reasons... 

Spot demand price elasticity is not a forecasted parameter but needs to be derived analytically. As specified in the value chain characteristics in subchapter 3.2 the company does not have a monopoly in the market and sales decision of the company do not influence the market price. Therefore, elasticity is not determined from a macro-economic perspective considering market prices but from a micro-economic perspective analyzing the specific spot demand forecasts the company receives. Table 24 provides the detailed steps of the algorithm for determining elasticity and the price-... 

Achieving high resolving power and high m/z measurement accuracy is one way of decreasing uncertainty when the determination of unknown analyte identity is the object of an experiment. But like many techniques, an increase in experimental or interpretive confidence does not come without some cost (e.g., instrument size, complexity, price, etc.). However, exact m/z measurements (and their associated elemental formula information) are but one type of information that can be derived from mass spectrometers. In the sections that follow, a variety of mass analyzers will be described in terms of their basic principles, functionality and applications. 

The scheme applies to all companies suppl)dng NHS medicines prescribed by medical or dental practitioners or nurses qualified to prescribe. Generic medicines, whose price is determined by the Drug Tariff, are excluded, as are the over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, and sales of medicines derived from private (non-NHS) prescriptions. 

The price of butanes and butylenes fluctuates seasonally depending on the demand for gasoline in the United States. Since much chemical-product usage is determined by price—performance basis, a shift to development of butylene-based technology may occur. Among the butylenes, demand for isobutylene is likely to increase (and so its price) as more derivatives such as methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid are produced from isobutylene instead of the conventional acetone cyanohydrin process. 

Once the fixed variable relationships are derived the equation can be used to estimate the production cost for any given feedstock price. By comparing the estimated production cost with traded prices for the product, the viability of a particular project can be determined. By considering alternative technologies at similar feedstock prices, alternative approaches can be critically compared. 

Nitrogen derivatives of L-ascorbic acid are important because they have been used extensively for the vitamin s determination (J) in the form of the bis(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone) of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (l). In addition, because of the commercial availability of L-ascorbic acid with a relatively low price as well as the widespread use of hetero-... 

To maximize profit, the firm will produce the quantity of product at which the marginal cost equals the externally determined price, MC = p. In cases of perfect competition, the extra revenue derived from an additional unit of production is simply the market price (MC = MR = p). This is not affected by the action of the individual atomistic firm. 

Dinur and Hagler propose a novel method to determine atomic point charges and point dipoles from derivatives of the molecular dipole moment and second moments. The method is limited to planar molecules and has been applied to hydrogen fluoride, water, formaldehyde, formamide, ethylene, benzene, and pyridine. As was also noted by Williams, they found that atomic dipoles do not necessarily point along the bond directions. Price proposed a distributed multipole model for several aromatic hydrocarbons using carbon sites only. 

Robbins PE, Jenkins WJ (1998) Observations of temporal changes of tritium-He-3 age in the eastern North Atlantic thermocline Evidence for changes in ventilation J Mar Res 56 1125-1161 Robbins PE, Price JF, Owens WB, Jenkins WJ (2000) The importance of lateral diffusion for the ventilation of the lower thermocline in the subtropical North Atlantic. J Phys Oceanogr 30 67-89 Roether W, Fuchs G (1988) Water mass transport and ventilation in the Northeast Atlantic derived from tracer data. Philos Trans R Soc London, Ser. A 325 63-69 Roether W, Kromer B (1978) Field determination of air-sea gas-exchange by continuous measurement of Rn-222. Pure Appl Geophysics 116 476-485... 

The following three sections provide a more detailed sensitivity analysis, derived from GenSim. In the first section, production costs for various technologies are plotted against specific fuel prices. This type of analysis is useful for determining fuel price break-even costs, such as the coal price at which nuclear is cost competitive. The next section determines capital cost break-even points, such as at what capital costs nuclear becomes competitive with coal, gas, or wind. The third section discusses the results of a sensitivity analysis for nuclear plant construction time. All examples use the DOE s data set comparable analysis using the Platt s data set is included in Appendix A.l. 

Technically, the direction of the inequality in equation (7.5) is determined by the variation of the price elasticity of demand with the accumulation constant of the chemical (which in turn is determined by the sign of a third-order cross partial derivative of the farmers production function). 

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