Pretreatment technologies

All boiler plants providing steam for electricity generation must be provided with silica removal pretreatment equipment. Pretreatment technologies for silica reduction and removal include ... 

Pretreatment technology No specification of type, temperature and duration... 

System IV is a pretreatment technology for water containing cyanide and heavy metals including chromium, nickel, zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper. The technology precipitates a range of heavy metals there is no need to install separate pieces of equipment for individual metals. A cyanide treatment system expansion option is available for waste streams that also contain cyanide. System IV is not offered commercially. 

Another interesting possibility is the use of pressure-driven membrane processes, in particular MF and UF are becoming standard and very efficient pretreatment options for sea- and brackish-water desalination. Also, for wastewater treatment, MF/UF pretreatment technology can efficiently reduce the highly fouling nature of the feed. 

A record number of papers were submitted for presentation in this session. A significant contribution came from overseas, perhaps a reflection of worldwide recognition of the importance of utilizing renewable resources for the production of fuels and chemicals. The information gathered here will contribute to the advancement and better understanding of pretreatment technology. 

The development of pretreatment technologies that are tuned to the characteristics of the biomass is still needed. Ideally, lignocellulose should be fractionated into multiple streams that contain valuable compounds in concentrations that make purification, utilization, and/or recovery economically feasible. Predictive pretreatment models should enable the design of this step to match both the biomass feedstock and the fermentation technology. 

Although sequencing of pretreatment technologies is always site specific, there are some generalizations that can be made. Figure 8.21... 

Taniguchi, Y. (1997). Overview of pretreatment technology for reverse osmosis desahnation plants in Japan. Desalination, Int. Symp. Pretreatment of Feedwater for Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants, March 31-Apr 2, 110, 1-2, 21-36. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

Pretreatment technology for cellulosic materials for commercial production of cellulase by solid-state fermentation for various raw materials with low cost ... 

C Jacobs-Yonng, JA Heitmann, RA Venditti. Conventional kraft pulping using enzyme pretreatment technology Role of chip thickness, specie and enzyme combinations. In BN Brogdon, PW Hart, JC Ransdell, BL Scheller, eds. Innovative Advances in the Forest Products Industries. New York Amer Inst Chemical Engineers, 1998, pp. 1-15. 

CJ Jacobs-Young, RR Gustafson, JA Heitmaim. Conventional kraft pulping using enzyme pretreatment technology Role of diffusivity in enhancing pulp uniformity. Paperi Ja Puu-Paper and Timber 82(2) 114—119, 2000. 

Wyman, C. E., Dale, B. E., Elander, R. T., Holtzapple, M, Ladisch, M. R., Lee, Y. Y. (2005). Comparative sugar recovery data from laboratory scale application of leading pretreatment technologies to com stover. Bioresource Technology, 96, 2026-2032. 

The importance of adequate coal pretreatment technologies must be emphasized many of the operating problems in cleaning plants are attributed to inadequate (inefficient) pretreatment, which results in large quantities of oversize (or undersize) material in the feeds to the various cleaning units which cause loss of cleaning efficiency, blockages, and even plant shutdown. 

Bioethylene and green PE is one of the successful biorefinery processes. To compete with PE produced from oil resources, the green PE process must be improved and developed continuously. The efficient process improvement requires much knowledge and technology so that ethanol can be manufactured at low-cost from nonfood resources improvements are especially needed in the areas of cellulose pretreatment technology, fundamental ethanol dehydration chemistry, process and equipment development, the performance enhancement of downstream products, and so on. The successful operation of green PE industrial equipment has opened up a new era for bio-based materials, and will accelerate the quick development of the biorefinery industry. The experience developed during this process will be very important for the utilization of biorenewable resources. 

One of the most promising innovations in recent years is the development of hydrophobic Sacrificial Pretreatment Technology (SPT), in conjunction with hydrophobic cold-cure epoxies, to enable underwater bonding(70,83). The energetically-favourable conditions for bonding are established underwater by the application of a water-repellant preferred contaminant to a cleaned or blasted steel... 

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