Preoperational stage

Clearly, for this strategy, the patients must be considered operable at the time of preoperative staging. Thus, the majority of cases treated in this fashion will have IIIA disease. Mediastinoscopic documentation of N2 status is usually done. 

Heidemann J, Schilling MK, Schmassmann A, Maurer CA, Buchler MW. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma. Dig Surg 2000 17(3) 219—224. 

Botet JF, Lightdale CJ, Zauber AG, Gerdes H, Urmacher C, Brennan MF. Preoperative staging of esophageal cancer comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT. Radiology 1991 181(2) 419-425. 

Heath El, Kaufman HS, Talamini M A, et al. The role of laparoscopy in preoperative staging of esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 2000 14(5) 495-499. 

I. Kantorova, L. Lipska, O. Belohlavek, V. Visokai, M. Trubac, M. Schneiderova, Routine (18)F-FDG PET preoperative staging of colorectal cancer Comparison with conventional staging and its impact on treatment decision making, J. Nucl. Med. 44(11) (2003) 1784-1788. 

G. J. Blatchford, Positron emission tomography for preoperative staging of colorectal carcinoma, Dis. Colon. Rectum. 37(2) (1994) 153-156. 

Thought process. How do the child s thoughts connect A child in the preoperational stage can have illogical, magical thinking that may not be normal for a child in middle childhood. 

Fig. 12.6. Determining the extent of disease using dual-energy CEDM. Mediolateral (a) and cranio-caudal (b) mammograms show areas of density, poorly circumscribed, in the central area of the breast suggestive of a multifocal tumor. Mammographic findings are not sufficient for precise preoperative staging.

Hernandez-Socorro CR, Guerra C, Hernandez-Romero J, Rey A, Lopez-Facal P, Alvares-Santullano V (1995) Colorectal carcinomas diagnosis and preoperative staging by hydrocolonic sonography. Surgery 117 609-615... 

Hallscheidt P), Fink C, Soder M, Pomer S, Zuna I, Noeldge G, Kauffmann G (2005) Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus using multislice CT and MRI prospective study with histopathological correlation ICAT 29 64-68... 

Hardesty LA, Sumkin )H, Hakim C, lohns C, Nath M (2001) The ability of helical CT to preoperatively stage endometrial carcinoma. A)R Am 1 Roentgenol 3 603-606 Holschneider CH, Berek )S (2000) Ovarian cancer epidemiology, biology, and prognostic factors. Semin Surg Oncol 19 3 10... 

Yoshida Y, Kurokawa T, Kawahara K, Tsuchida T, Okazawa H, Fujibayashi Y, Yonekura Y, Kotsuji F (2004) Incremental benefits of FDG positron emission tomography over CT alone for the preoperative staging of ovarian cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 227-233... 

Antoch G, Freudenberg, LS etal. (2002) Focal tracer uptake a potential artifact in contrast-enhanced diml-modality PET-CT scans. J Nucl Med 43 1339-1342 Antoch G, Stattaus J et al. (2003) Non-small cell lung cancer dual-modality PET-CT in preoperative staging. Radiology 229 526-533... 

Preoperational Stage In the initial planning, design, specification, prototyping, and construction processes, where the opportunities are greatest and the costs are lowest for hazard and risk avoidance, elimination, reduction or control. 

---