Preemptive analgesia

A 0.1% ophthalmic preparation is recommended for prevention of postoperative ophthalmic inflammation and can be used after intraocular lens implantation and strabismus surgery. A topical gel containing 3% diclofenac is effective for solar keratoses. Diclofenac in rectal suppository form can be considered for preemptive analgesia and postoperative nausea. In Europe, diclofenac is also available as an oral mouthwash and for intramuscular administration. 

Yukawa Y, Kato F, Ito K, Nakashima H, MacHino M, Hirano K, Tauchi R. A case-control study of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain in patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion continuous subcutaneous morphine alone and combined with intrathecal injection. J Spinal Disord Tech 2010 23 333-7. 

Gottschalk A, Smith DS. New concepts in acute pain therapy preemptive analgesia. Am Earn Physician 2001 63 1979-1984. 

Aside from their important role in multimodal analgesic therapy, they have also been extensively studied in preemptive analgesia. Preemptive analgesia is an anticipatory anesthetic approach that intends to prevent the pain and inflammatory response initiated by surgical incision and manipulation, and prevent the wind-up phenomenon . NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and acetaminophen have all demonstrated efficacy in the management of mild to moderate post operative pain. Additionally, they are... 

Reuben S S, Sklar J, El-Mansouri M 2001 The preemptive analgesic effect of intraarticular bupivacaine and morphine after ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 92 923-926... 

Ferguson SA, Ward WL, Paule MG, Hall RW, Anand KJ. A pilot study of preemptive morphine analgesia in preterm neonates effects on head circumference, social behavior, and response latencies in early childhood. Neurotoxicol Teratol Jan-Feb 2012 34(l) 47-55. 

GottschaUc A, Smith DS, Jobes DR, et al. Preemptive epidural analgesia and recovery from radical prostatectomy a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998 279 1076-1082. 

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