Powdered Metal Cleaning Concentrate

Place 50 g (0.32 mol) of o-chloronitrobenzene and 75 g of clean dry sand in a 250-ml three-necked flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and an air reflux condenser. Heat the mixture in an oil or fusible metal bath to 215— 225 °C and add, during 40 minutes, 50 g (0.78 mol) of copper bronze or, better, of activated copper bronze (Section 4.2.19, p. 426) (1). Maintain the temperature at 215-225°C for a further 90 minutes and stir continuously. Pour the hot mixture into a Pyrex beaker containing 125 g of sand and stir until small lumps are formed if the reaction mixture is allowed to cool in the flask, it will set to a hard mass, which can only be removed by breaking the flask. Break up the small lumps by powdering in a mortar, and boil them for 10 minutes with two 400 ml portions of ethanol filter after each extraction. Cool the filtered extracts in ice, and collect the crude product on a Buchner funnel. Concentrate the filtrate to about half the original volume and thus obtain a second crop of crystals. The total yield of crude solid should be about 24 g if it is less than this, a third extraction of the reaction product should be made. Dissolve the crude solid in about 400 ml of hot ethanol, add a little decolourising charcoal, boil for a few minutes, filter and cool in ice. Recrystallise again from hot ethanol. The yield of pure 2,2 -dinitrobiphenyl, m.p. 123-124 °C, is 20-22 g (54%). 

Other metals, the commonest being lead,2 bismuth, and manganese, in powder form exert a more moderate effect on the decomposition. Mercury would also fall into this class of moderate accelerators, but the catalytic action in this case is remarkable in being periodic or rhythmic. When the concentration of hydrogen ion is reduced to an almost negligible quantity by the addition of a little sodium acetate solution, a clean mercury surface in contact with hydrogen peroxide solution of approximately 10 per cent, concentration, at periodic intervals of about one second, becomes coated with a bronze film which suddenly disappears with a burst of oxygen from the contact layer of the two liquids the substance of the film, which is alternately formed and decomposed, is probably an unstable oxide, possibly mercurous peroxide.3... 

Elemental sulfur, in soil/sediment and waste extracts, can be removed by reaction with clean copper metal.USEPA Method 3660B calls for the extract to be concentrated to 1.0 ml and shaken with 2 grams of copper powder to remove elemental sulfur. ° The sample could then be fractionated to remove alkanes or other interferences. 

Lowers surface tension. Water soluble, compatible and stable in concentrated electrolyte solutions. Improves detergency, foaming and increases viscosity of liquid cleaners. An exceptional detergent used in powdered and liquid, alkaline cleaners heavy-duty, all-purpose cleaners for metal working steam cleaning dairy cleaners bottle-washing compounds and floor strippers. Soluble in most oxygenated solvents, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated solvents. 

Adsorption Isotherm Experiment. Crystalline quartz (SlOj) in the form of Berkeley HIN-U-SIL 5 and MIN-U-SIL 30 were supplied by Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corp., whose metal oxide analysis yields 99.72 SiOj. This nonporous powdered solid was acid cleaned with repeated washes of concentrated HCl. Reaction with dlchloro-dimethylsllane converted the very hydrophilic surface of clean SiO to a hydrophobic methylated surface. Covalent bonds are formed with the SiOj surface through elimination of HCl. The Si-OH groups on the quartz surface and the -SiCl groups of the dichlorodlmethylsilane react to produce Si-O-Sl bonds, with the dimethyls of the silane at the newly modified Interface. Surface areas were determined on these powdered solids using the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) Nj adsorption isotherms measured on a Quantasorb Jr. (Quantachrome). The hydrophilic NIN-U-SIL 5 has a specific surface area of 5.06 m /g. Acid-cleaned HIN-U-SIL 30 has a surface area of 2.16 m /g which decreases to 1.81 m /g upon methylation. 

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