Potential flooding

Where potential flooding to the site is minimal an alternative to the balance pond could be an open-trench system that could provide on-site storage and added security to watercourses. 

For the purpose of simplification, we also ignore the increase of the potential flood damage as a result of accomplished dike-heightenings. Then, the function g t) is the same as in the model by Van Dantzig, and is given by Equation 16. 

Notice that Equation 21 is almost the same as Equation 22, but multiplied with the initial potential flood damage vo and with a shghtly different definition of the combination parameter. ... 

Normally, retention of surfaetants, which involves adsorption, precipitation, and phase trapping, has been regarded as one of the main factors for the unfavorable economics in chemical flooding. Adsorption at the solid-hquid interface should be at minimum and be the only retention mechanism for a properly designed surfactant system for a Type II( —) phase behavior. Commercial products of actual surfactants are poly-disperse in the PO and EO groups, and mixtures of them are potential flooding chemicals. 

Dual surfaetant systems, ethoxylated sulfonate/sulfate and alkane/ aromatie sulfonate, as potential flooding ehemicals have been studied in the laboratory by Miller et al. [3S] and in the field by Holley and Caylas [37]. In a laboratory experiment at low surfactant concentration, the residual oil saturation decreased to about 5% with increasing surfactant... 

At the stage of site selection, it may be evident in certain cases that there is no potential for flooding, because of location or elevation for example. In this case the preliminary assessment should be sufficiently well documented to demonstrate either that the plant would not be affected by any potential flooding or that the potential for flooding is insignificant and has a negligible affect on safety. 

The design basis flood for a given site may result not from the occurrence of one extreme event but from the simultaneous occurrences of more than one severe event each of which is in itself less than the extreme event. The interdependence or independence of the potential flood causing phenomena should be examined according to the site specificity. In many combinations of flood causing events the distinction between dependent and independent events is not sharp. Sequential meteorological events, for example, are only partially dependent on or fuUy independent of each other. In contrast, seismic and wind events are clearly independent. 

All SSA nominated sites are either eoastal or estuarine. For sueh loeations, the primary flood risk arises from future elevation of the sea level with superimposed storm surges. The range in absolute sea level rise around the UK (before land movements are included) is projected to be between 0.12m and 0.76m for the period 1990-2095 (UKCIP09, Reference 3.4). Vertical land movement (i.e., sinking of surface levels) will add another 0.1m rise in the southern area of the UK. The incidence of tsimami and seiehe events in the UK is very low nevertheless, these issues will be factors in the consideration of potential flooding of the UK candidate sites. 

A warning system is available that is able to detect a potential flooding of the site in sufficient time to complete the safe shutdown of the plant, together with the implementation of adequate emergency procedures ... 

Note that 2 mol of water are generated at the anode and one consumed at the cathode, as opposed to 1 mol of water being produced at the cathode in acid systems. This can cause potential flooding and water management issues at the anode. The aqueous, highly caustic, electrolyte presents obvious hazards and is also susceptible to the following carbonation reaction in the presence of CO2 ... 

By means of empirical formulas which have been developed for various parts of the world, giving a relationship between drainage basin parameters and potential flood characteristics ... 

Lite need (is) to ensure robust Decay Heat Removal (DHR) without external power input, even in depressurized conditions, is now regarded as a requirement. Previous concepts used electrical (battery) driven blowers to handle depressurized DHR. Although the DHR system has no diesel power units that would need protection from potential flooding, integrity of the electrical infrastructure following an extreme event is still required. 

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