Potassium permanganate surfaces

GjFNa and C,oSNa are the same as used in the previous works (5). The water used for preparing solutions was obtained from distillation of the ion-exchange water pretreated with potassium permanganate. Surface tension of the water (30 Cl was 71.A mNm- (the literature value is 71.18 mNm (11)). 

Surface oxidation short of combustion, or using nitric acid or potassium permanganate solutions, produces regenerated humic acids similar to those extracted from peat or soil. Further oxidation produces aromatic acids and oxaUc acid, but at least half of the carbon forms carbon dioxide. 

More accurate results may be secured by adding the nitrite to an acidified solution in which permanganate is present in excess (the tip of the pipette containing the nitrite solution should be below the surface of the liquid during the addition), and back-titrating the excess potassium permanganate with a solution of ammonium iron(II) sulphate which has recently been compared with the permanganate solutioa... 

Hydroxylamine is a powerful reducant, particularly when anhydrous, and if exposed to air on a fibrous extended surface (filter paper) it rapidly heats by aerobic oxidation. It explodes in contact with air above 70°C [1]. Barium peroxide will ignite aqueous hydroxylamine, while the solid ignites in dry contact with barium oxide, barium peroxide, lead dioxide and potassium permanganate, but with chlorates, bromates and perchlorates only when moistened with sulfuric acid. Contact of the anhydrous base with potassium dichromate or sodium dichromate is violently explosive, but less so with ammonium dichromate or chromium trioxide. Ignition occurs in gaseous chlorine, and vigorous oxidation occurs with hypochlorites. 

Such carbonyls may be further oxidized using potassium permanganate (KMnO and perchloric acid (HCIO4) to convert all of these groups into carboxylic acids. Once functionalized in this manner, the nanotubes can be fully dispersed in aqueous systems. Kordas et al. (2006) used these derivatives to print nanotube patterns on paper or polymer surfaces to create conductive patterns for potential use in electronic circuitry. The carboxylates also may be used as conjugation sites to link other ligands or proteins to the nanotube surface using a carbodiimide reaction as previously discussed (Section 1, this chapter Chapter 2, Section 1.11 Chapter 3, Section 1). 

Do not use potassium permanganate KMnC>4— manganese oxides are strongly adsorbed onto the electrode surfaces. 

The dissolution of potassium permanganate involves a solid-liquid phase transfer with the flat macrocycle, presumably, lining up in the correct complexation geometry on the surface of the crystal lattice. The movement of cation from lattice to ligands is then small. 

After performing the synthesis, treat the remaining carbon disulphide and the ware in which various operations were carried out with an abundant amount of an alkaline potassium permanganate solution. Continue the treatment until the oily drops of the carbon disulphide disappear from the surface of the solution. Perform all the operations in a fume cupboard )... 

In order to metallize a polymer surface, electroless plating can be applied. This process typically consists of a pretreatment process in order to improve the adhesion. In the second step a surface seeding of the electroless catalyst is done. Wet chemical methods of pretreatment are using strong acids such as chromic acid, sulfuric acid and acidified potassium permanganate in order to achieve a surface modification of the polymers (96). 

Nitrates. — Add gradually 1 gm. of crystallized oxalic acid to a solution of 0.5 gm. of potassium permanganate in 5 cc. of water, heat to 50 to 60° C., and filter. On overlaying 1 cc. of ferrous sulphate solution on a mixture of 2 cc. of the clear colorless filtrate and 2 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid, no dark-colored zone should format the contact-surfaces of the two liquids. 

The wetting properties of polyacetylene have been studied by Schonhom et al. 380) who measured a critical surface tension of 51 mN m 1, considerably higher than for other hydrocarbon polymers. This value was attributed to oxidation of the surface as no change was observed on further oxidation. Treatment of polyacetylene with aqueous potassium permanganate renders it hydrophilic, reduces the contact angle for water from 72° to 10° and renders the structure more water-permeable 381)... 

Wear protective gloves and clothing, goggles, and breathing apparatus if necessary. Turn off all ventilation and isolate spill area. Add enough dimethylformamide to completely wet the contaminated surface, and then pour over the area an excess of freshly prepared solution containing 4.7 g of potassium permanganate in 100 mL of 3 M sulfuric acid (17 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid slowly added to 83 mL of cold water). Allow to react for at least 1 hour. Cover the residual solution with a 1 1 1 of soda ash, clay cat litter... 

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