Potassium chloride specific heat

Atomic Weight.—The chemical properties of caesium indicate its close relationship to the other alkali-metals. It is univalent, forming compounds of the type CsX, its atomic weight and hydrogen equivalent being the same. Its atomic weight is of the order Cs =133 a value conformed by the specific-heat method (Vol. I., p. 88) by the isomorphism of the caesium compounds with those of potassium, ammonium, and rubidium (Vol. I., p. 74) by the correspondence of the properties of the metal and its compounds with the periodic system by the formation of a univalent cation and by the depression of the freezing-point of bismuth chloride and mercuric chloride produced by caesium chloride. 

If the atomic frequency v has any real physical significance it should be possible to calculate it from various other physical properties. Thus Nemst supposed that the frequency of a body composed of electrically charged ions could be calculated from its optical properties. In agreement vdth this hypothesis he found that the frequencies of the ultra-red absorption bands of potassium and sodium chloride determined by Rubens were approximately equal to the values of v calculated from the specific heat. It is probable, however, that this agreement is purely accidental. 

Lef s consider a specific example. In the laboratory, small amounts of oxygen gas can be prepared by heating potassium chlorate (KCIO3). The products are oxygen gas (O2) and potassium chloride (KCl). From this information, we write... 

Lithium is a soft, silvery alkali metal and has the lowest density of any metal. The word lithium is derived from lithos (Greek for stone ). Johan A. Arfredson discovered lithinm in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1817. Hnmphry Davy isolated it via electrolysis in 1818. Currently, lithinm metal is generated by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of lithium chloride, LiCl, and potassium chloride, KCl. In natnre it is never found in its elemental form. Its main sources are the minerals spodumene, petalite, lepidolite, and am-blygonite. Lithium s average crustal abundance is about 18 ppm. It has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is the least reactive alkali metal toward water. Lithium bums crimson in the flame test. 

Scale-up of chlorination of 9, conducted by Loupy et al. [7] with triphenylphos-phine and carbon tetrachloride in the presence of pyridine, after addition of excess potassium chloride, led to improvements in yields of 64 irrespective of whether microwave activation in Synthewave equipment or classical heating (A, oil bath) were used (Scheme 12.30). A specific microwave effect led only to a 10% difference in yield. 

The thermodynamic properties of aluminum antimonide have been previously studied by the electromotive force (emf) method using aluminum chloride as the electroljrte in fused lithium and potassium chlorides [4], The calculated value [4] of the standard entropy of solid aluminum antimonide S 98 = 6.0 0.8 eu/g-atom and that obtained by Piesbergen [5] from measurements of low-temperature specific heat, = 7.68 0.05 eu/g-atom do not agree even within the... 

Regnault s later research was almost exclusively in physics the specific heats of solids and gases, densities and compressibilities of gases, properties of steam, etc., and his results in this field are very accurate. He became professor of physics in the College de France and director of the porcelain factory at Sevres (1854). In the war of 1870 his son was killed in battle and his laboratory at Sevres was deliberately wrecked and his papers destroyed by the Prussian army. His chemical publications are on Dutch liquid, etc., the aldehydene theory (see p. 355), the identity of equisitic and maleic acids, the action of steam on heated metals and sulphides, sulphonaphthalic acid, and the action of sulphur trioxide on organic substances,methyl sulphate, mineral combustibles, alkaloids, diallage, potassium and lithium micas, the action of chlorine on Dutch liquid, sulphuryl chloride and sulphamide, chlorides of carbon, determination of carbon in cast iron and steel, action of chlorine on ethers, sulphuryl chloride, report on the Marsh test, respiration (with... 

Clusius K, Goldmann J, Perlick A (1949) Low- temperature research. VII. The specific heat of the alkali halides lithium fluoride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, rubidium bromide, and rubidium iodide between 10° and 273° abs. Z Naturforsch 4a 424—432... 

The variation of specific heat with concentration is illustrated for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (black curve), sodium sulfate (red curve), and potassium sulfate (blue curve). In general, as the concentration of the salt increases, the specific heat of the solution decreases. The curve for Na2S04(awater molecules interact more strongly with a sulfate ion (SO ") than with a chloride ion (Cl ). The specific heats of Na2S04(acation-water interactions are different Na ... 

In at least one case, the standard Bucherer-Bergs conditions gave rise to oxazole rather hydantoin. Specifically, when 5-benzyloxy-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (11) was treated with potassium cyanide, ammonium chloride, and ammonium carbonate in boiling ethanol/water, 5-amino-oxazol-2-ol 12 was obtained. Subsequent heating of oxazole 12 with acetic acid at reflux overnight then produced the Bucherer-Bergs product, hydantoin 13. ... 

---