Porcelain/pottery glazes

The use of consumer products that contain radioactive sources can contribute to nonoccupational exposures (320). Examples of consumer products incorporating radioactive materials are radioluminescent indicators (timepieces, signs, instrument dials), ionization smoke detectors, anti-static devices, dentistry porcelains, pottery glazes, incandescent gas mantles, and tobacco products. Low levels of radiation are also generated by such sources as color television tubes, but emissions are well controlled and the glass of the picture tube is sufficiently thick to absorb most of this radiation. 

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The main use of lead metaborate is in glazes on pottery, porcelain, and chinaware, as weU as in enamels for cast iron. Other appHcations include as radiation-shielding plastics, as a gelatinous thermal insulator containing asbestos fibers for neutron shielding, and as an additive to improve the properties of semiconducting materials used in thermistors (137). 

Cobalt(III) oxide is used as a pigment for glazing porcelain and pottery and for coloring enamels. 

Ceramics have a very long history. Rocks, which are natural ceramic materials, served as the earliest tools. Later, clay vessels dried in the sun or baked in fires served as containers for food and water. These early vessels were crude and quite porous. With the discovery of glazing, which probably occurred about 3000 B.c. in Egypt, pottery became more serviceable as well as more beautiful. Prized porcelain is essentially the same material as crude earthenware, but specially selected clays and glazings are used for porcelain, which is also fired at a very high temperature. 

Ceramic s9- ra-mik, esp Brit. ko- [Gr kera-mikos, ff. keramos potter s clay, pottery] (1850) adj. Technology of producing fired clay and porcelain articles, their glazes, pigments, and modifiers. 

Cloisonne kl6i-z9- na, klwa- [F, ff. pp of cloisonner to partition] (1863) adj. A surface decoration in which differently colored enamels or glazes are separated by fillets applied to the design outline. For porcelain enamel, the fillets are wire secured to the metal body for tile and pottery, the fillets are made of ceramic paste, squeezed through a small-diameter orifice. 

China. BS 5416 specifies this to be pottery with water absorption 0.2% and tranlucency 0.75% (assessed by comparison with standard test pieces) See also bone china. In the USA, however, ASTM-C242 defines the word as any glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic whiteware used for nontechnical purposes, e.g. dinnerware, sanitary-ware, and art-ware, provided that they are vitreous. The combined nomenclature (q.v.) equates this term with porcelain (q.v.). 

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