Polythiophenes ionic

Xue C, Cai F, Liu H (2008) Ultrasensitive fluorescent responses of water-soluble, zwitter-ionic, boronic acid-bearing, regioregular head-to-tail polythiophene to biological species. ChemEur J 14 1648-1653... 

Optical transitions of CPs can also be induced by switching the net charge of the polymer side chain. By using a zwitter-ionic polythiophene derivative, POWT, Nilsson and co-workers were able to induce different chromic transitions by... 

A similar approach for detecting the presence of specific proteins has also been reported by Nilsson and coworkers [26]. In this study, a complex between a calmodulin, a small calcium-binding protein, and the zwitter-ionic polythiophene POWT was used to detect the presence of calcineurin. The interaction between the POWT-camodulin complex and calcineurin changed the emission profile from POWT, and no observable changes were observed upon exposure of the complex human serum albumin, suggesting that the complex could be used for the specific detection of calcineurin. 

Electrochemical synthesis of electroconducting polymers such as polyarene [28— 31], polypyrrole [32-34], polythiophene [35], and polyaniline [36, 37] has been carried out in moisture sensitive chloroaluminate ionic liquids. However, the polymer hlms are decomposed rapidly by the corrosive products like HCl generated by hydrolysis of the ionic liquids. In addition the treatment of the chloroalminate ionic liquids requires a special equipment such as glove box. 

As summarized in Table 8.3, both the electrochemical capacity and electroconductivity are markedly increased when the polypyrrole and polythiophene films are prepared in the ionic liquid. This may be attributable to the extremely high concentration of anions as the dopants, which results in a much higher doping level. 

Polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfuran, polyacetylene, and poly-methylthiophene may exhibit a mixed electronic and ionic conductivity, similar to inorganic intercalation, or insertion compounds [43]. In the conductive form these polymers are partly oxidized and these positive charges are equilibrated by inorganic anions, which can diffuse through the polymer net. Alternatively, the conductive polymers can be partly reduced, with cations as counter ions. The eleetronic conductivity originates Irom partial oxidation of conjugated jt-bonds. The positive charge... 

Gadgil, B., Damlin, R, Aaritalo, T, and Kvarnstrom, C. [2014], Electrosynthesis of viologen cross-linked polythiophene in ionic liquid and its electrochromic properties, Electrochim. Acta, 133, pp. 268-274. 

Matthews, J.R., F. Goldoni, A.P.H.J. Schenning, and E.W. Meijer. 2005. Non-ionic polythiophenes A non-aggregating folded structure in water. Chem Commun 5303-5505. 

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