Polystyrene phosphorus-containing

J.R. Ebdon, D. Price, B.J. Hunt, P. Joseph, F. Gao, G.J. Milnes, and K.L. Cunhffe, Flame retardance in some polystyrenes and poly(methyl methacrylate)s with covalently bound phosphorus-containing groups Initial screening experiments and some laser pyrolysis mechanistic studies. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 69, 267-277 (2000). 

Triple resonance 3D-NMR has been used to study polymers containing three NMR active nuclei, and parallel methods for studying hydrocarbon-based polymers are now being used. H- C-X (X = E, Si, and NMR correlation experiments help to simplify and unambiguously assign both main chain and chain-end resonances in a variety of fluoropolymers, polyorga-nosilanes, and phosphorus-containing polystyrenes. 

Systems that reduce unsaturated groupings in addition to C=C or C=C, e.g., >C=0, —N=N—, —CH=N—, —N02, are [RhH2(PMe3)2L2]+, where L=solvent, and the complex RhCl3py3 in dimethylformamide solution in the presence of sodium borohydride.57 A phosphorus-containing polystyrene polymer forms a complex with rhodium on treatment with RhCl(PPh3)3 and can act as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst.58... 

Figure 16. Two-dimensional NMR spectra of polystyrene with phosphorus-containing chain ends a) standard HMQC spectrum and b) truncated HCP-3D (2D) spectrum. (Reproducedfrom reference 19.

Among phosphorus-containing additive flame-retardants, phosphates are mostly applied as secondary plasticizers in formulations of flame-retarded plasticized PVC. Other additive agents are admixed with natural and synthetic rubbers, polyester and epoxy resins, polyurethane foams, polystyrenes and polyethylenes, etc. 

Phosphorus-containing polystyrenes have been used for a variety of purposes and can be prepared either by copolymerization or by chemical modification methods. The latter are limited in number and often lead to unacceptable... 

Petreus Oana, Avram Ecaterina, Lisa Gabriela, and Serbezeanu Diana. Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus-containing polystyrene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115 no. 4 (2010a) 2084-2092. 

Organic peroxides can occur in small amounts in some types of polymers such as polystyrenes as a result of the fact that a peroxide has been used as a polymerization catalyst in polymer manufacture. Also, stable organic peroxides such as dicumyl peroxide has been used as synergists, in conjunction with bromine and or phosphorus containing additives, to impart Are resistance to cellular expanded polystyrene and other types of plastics... 

Three flame retardants were compared in this study, namely, a brominated polycarbonate oligomer (58% bromine), a brominated polystyrene (68% bromine), and a brominated triaryl phosphate ester (60% bromine plus 4% phosphorus). These are described in Table I. Figures 1 and 2 compare the thermal stability of the brominated phosphate with commercial bromine-containing flame retardants by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The brominated phosphate melts at 110°C and shows a 1% weight loss at 300°C. Brominated polycarbonate and brominated polystyrene are polymeric and are not as volatile at elevated temperatures as the monomeric flame retardants. 

Generally, flame retardants for engineering PET compositions are based on bromine-containing compounds (such as brominated polycarbonate, decabro-modiphenyl oxide, brominated acrylic, brominated polystyrene, etc.). Such compounds are available commercially (such as from the Ethyl Chemical Corporation, Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, Dead Sea Bromine Company, etc.) In addition, the flame-retardant package generally contains a synergist, typically sodium antimonate. PET may also be flame-retarded with diarylphosphonate, melamine cyanurate or red phosphorus. 

A silane containing hydroxyl and quaternary ammonium salt groups was treated with a triisocyanate to prepare a biocidal film that was active against Escherichia coli for as long as 1 month.188 Cellulose was treated with the appropriate trimethoxysilane to attach a phosphonium salt.189 Polyphosphonium salts based on polystyrene have been prepared with spacers of varying lengths between the aromatic ring and the phosphorus atom.190 Polymeric dichlorohydantoins were used to disinfect potable water... 

---