Polysaccharides structural analysis

The enzymic analysis of the structures of the amylaceous polysaccharides illustrates the applications of an enzyme which has been one of the most widely used in polysaccharide structural analysis, namely, beta-amylase. The availability of pure, crystalline preparations of this enz)une heralded the beginning of a new era in the structural analysis of polysaccharides which, as evidenced by new work in the field (for a review, see Ref. 12), is still gathering momentum. 

Last year saw the death of Professor Guy Dutton, well known for his leading work on polysaccharide structural analysis his obituary has appeared. ... 

In a rapid synthesis of authentic standards for the reductive-cleavage method of polysaccharide structural analysis, the eight positional isomers of partially... 

McCleary, B.V., and Matheson, N.K. (1986) Enzymic analysis of polysaccharide structure. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 44, 147-276. 

The purification of a pneumococcal polysaccharide may be difficult, and the polysaccharide material is sometimes contaminated by a cell-wall component known as the C-substance. The methods for structural analysis of polysaccharides (which, like several of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, contain amino sugar and uronic acid... 

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, application of for the structural analysis of polysaccharides, 47, 167-202 Anomeric and exo-anomeric effects in carbohydrate chemistry, 47, 45-123 Anomeric-oxygen activation for glycoside synthesis, trichloroacetimidate method, 50,21-123... 

Fiber diffraction methods are outlined in the next section. In the following section, exsunples of the application of these techniques to some polysaccharide structures are described. The examples have been chosen to illustrate a range of situations that can arise in a fiber diffraction analysis. 

How modeling has been useful in the crystal structure analysis of polysaccharides—and how it could lead to a better understanding of other condensed j)hase states—can be illustrated with structural worK done on cellulose. It is one of the world s most important and widely used raw materials whose structure, properties, derivatives, and transformations remain under continuous study. Some of the results, problems, and indications of future directions resulting from the study of its crystalline structure—and the attendant roles for molecular modeling—are briefly described in the following. 

Gargiulo, V., Lanzetta, R., Parrilli, M., and De Castrol, C. (2009). Structural analysis of chondroitin sulfate from Scyliorhinus canicula A useful source of this polysaccharide. Glycobiology 19,1485-1491. 

Wang, S. C, Shan, J. J., Wang, Z. T., and Hu, Z. B. (2006). Isolation and structural analysis of an acidic polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge.. Integr. Plant Biol. 48, 1379-1384. 

Only a few methods for the specific degradation of polysaccharides were known when an earlier article on structural polysaccharide chemistry appeared in this Series.3 The Smith degradation,4 which has become the most frequently used, had only just been introduced. Since then, a number of specific degradation techniques have been developed. In addition, there have also been some modifications and improvements to existing methods. In this article, chemical methods for specific or selective degradation of polysaccharides, and their applications in structural analysis, will be discussed. Enzymic methods, which may be of considerable value, have already been treated in this Series.5... 

A new potential in polysaccharide immunochemistry is provided by homogeneous immunoglobulins that bind carbohydrate polymers. Here, the specific immunoglobulin-hapten interaction can be studied, and characterized in detail. Thus, the discipline of carbohydrate chemistry can make a real contribution to the elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins. In return, carbohydrate chemistry may find a tool that can increasingly be applied to the unraveling of its own unsolved problems in the structural analysis of polysaccharides. 

Improved methods for the analysis of oligosaccharide and polysaccharide structure have revealed remarkable complexity and diversity in the oligosaccharides of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Consider the oligosaccharide chains in Figure 7-31, typical of those... 

Structural Analysis of a Polysaccharide A polysaccharide of unknown structure was isolated, subjected to exhaustive methylation, and hydrolyzed. Analysis of the products revealed three methylated sugars in the ratio 20 1 1. The sugars were 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-glucose and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose. What is the structure of the polysaccharide ... 

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