Polymers, inorganic ladder

We will not discuss the completely inorganic ladder polymers represented by such compounds as, e.g., palladium chloride 126), molybdenum iodide 126), antimony trioxide (valentinite) 127) or siloxene networks 128,129). 

The preferred catalysts are salts of inorganic and organic acids as well as tertiary amines. Phthalic anhydride, succinic anhydride and maleic anhydride are typical acid anhydrides, while ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin and phenyl glycidyl ether are typical epoxides. The synthesis of a ladder polymer was carried out by using bisanhydrides264. ... 

Aluminum Methylphosphonate with Organo-Lined Unidimensional ChannelsAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 54, 1199 Maeda, K. Akimoto, J. Kiyozumi, Y Mizukami, E, Structure of Aluminum Methylphosphonate, Ahnepo-Beta, with Unidimensional Channels Formed from Ladder-Like Organic-Inorganic Polymer-Chains J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1033. 

Structure-based nomenclature can also be used when the CRU backbone has no carbon atoms. An example is the polymer traditionally named poly(dimethylsiloxane) , which on the basis of structure would be named poly(oxydimethylsilylene) or poly(oxydimethylsilanediyl) . This nomenclature method has also been applied to inorganic and coordination polymers and to double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers."... 

Blake, A.J. Champness, N.R. Khlobystov, A. Lemenovs-kii. D.A. Li. W.-S. Schroder, M. Polycatenated copper(I) molecular ladders A new structural motif in inorganic coordination polymers. Chem. Commun. 1997, 2027-2028. 

In addition to carbon, many other elements can form chain structures with themselves or with other elements. Polymers that do not contain carbon atoms in the main chain are called inorganic polymers. According to the kinds of elements in the main chain, they are classed as isochains or heterochains, and, depending on the kind of linkage in the chains, they are called linear chains, ladder polymers, parquet polymers, or lattice polymers (see also Chapter 2). 

These include inorganic and quasi-inorganic polymers, double-strand (ladder) polymers, siloxanes and silicones, and oligomers and telomers. A comprehensive review of structure-based and source-based representations for these types of polymers has been published (40). 

Polysiloxanes occupy a virtually imique position in the world of polymers. Many polysiloxanes comprise a partly or wholly inorganic backbone built from alternating silicon and oxygen atoms in contrast, pendent groups or side chains attached to silicon atoms are usually organic. Types discussed in this section include regular single-strand, hyperbranched, ladder, and spiro polysiloxanes. 

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