Polymerization in continuous

Third-generation high yield supported catalysts are also used in processes in which Hquid monomer is polymerized in continuous stirred tank reactors. The Hypol process (Mitsui Petrochemical), utilizes the same supported catalyst technology as the Spheripol process (133). Rexene has converted the hquid monomer process to the newer high yield catalysts. Shell uses its high yield (SHAC) catalysts to produce homopolymers and random copolymers in the Lippshac process (130). 

The pioneer investigator of polymerization in continuous-flow systems was Denbigh (1947). He formulated (Denbigh, 1951) the conditions... 

F Teymour. The Dynamic Behavior of Free-Radical Solution Polymerization in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1989. 

L S. Henderson. Stability analysis of polymerization in. continuous stirred-tank reactors. Chem. Eng. Prog., pages 42-50, March 1,987. 

Kinetic studies on anionic polymerization in a continuous flow mode have also been reported by Szwarc and coworkers [141, 142], Schulz and coworkers [141, 142], and Muller and coworkers [143, 144]. However, preparative anionic polymerizations in continuous flow mode have not been studied until recently. 

Paulus RM, Erdmenger T, Becer CR et al (2007) Scale-up of microwave-assisted polymerizations in continuous-flow mode cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline. Macromol Rapid Commun 28 484—491... 

Liquid monomer is polymerized in continuous stirred tank reactors in a number of processes. The Hypol process, developed by Mitsui Petrochemical, uses a cascaded series of stirred reactors for homopolymerization, followed by fluidized bed gas-phase reactors for copolymerization (274). El Paso (now Himtsman) converted the Rexall liquid monomer process to use high yield catalysts eliminating the sections required for deashing and removal of atactic material (275). Shell (now Basell) developed the LIPP process to produce homopolymers and random copolymers, using their high yield catalysts. 

Nakajima et al. carried out plasma polymerization in continuous-wave and pulsed radio-frequency discharges to establish the effects of reaction conditions on the kinetics of polymer deposition as well as on the polymer structure. Under conditions favoring low deposition rates, the dominant functional group is -CF2. At higher deposition rates the of -Cp2 group concentration is reduced and a cross-linked polymer was obtained [738]. 

The main distinction of polymerization in continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) from batch/plug-fiow polymerization is the distribution of reactor residence times. In a single CSTR, the distribution of molecules in residence time (i.e., the probability to be in the reactor during time period t is given by [37, 38]... 

---