Polymeric systems, nonlinear

Nagamura describes in Chapter 9 the fabrication and properties of supramolecular and polymeric systems that display unique linear and nonlinear optical response. Such materials may find application in high-density information processing systems of the future. Chapter 10, by Shinkai and James, describes the properties of supramolecular photoswitchable ion receptors. Finally, in Chapter 11, Ishikawa and Ye discuss the application of state-of-the art fluorescence methods to explore the properties of polymers with nm-scale resolution. 

The basic concept of the present study was to show, other things being equal, that the rate of polymerization is affected by the size of the micelles and not by the total surfactant concentration as expressed by Equation (l). This micellar size effect was believed to be the reason why a nonlinear, i.e., a convex curve, relationship between In Rp and In Cg was obtained with emulsion polymerization systems of changing surfactant... 

Second order optical nonlinearity can be induced in polymeric systems containing dipolar (donor-acceptor) chromophores. The chromophore can be a molecular species attached to the host chain or it can be incorporated in the polymeric structure itself. In general, a good chromophore has an electron donating group connected to an electron... 

GARITO ET AL. Nonlinear Optics Organic and Polymeric Systems... 

Epstein I R and Pojman J A 1999 Overview nonlinear dynamics related to polymeric systems Chaos 9 255-9... 

D. CoMissiONG, L. Gross, and V. Volpert, Bifurcation analysis of polymerization fronts, in Nonlinear Dynamics in Polymeric Systems, J. Pojman and Q. Tran-Cong-Miyata, eds., no. 869 in ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 147-159. 

I. R. Epstein, J. A. Pojman, and Q. TRASt-CostG-MiYat a. Nonlinear dynamics and polymeric systems an overview, in Nonlinear Dynamics in Polymeric Systems,... 

Technical applications based on the Pockels effect require systems that are non-centrosymmetric on a macroscopic level. This relates particularly to polymeric systems containing physically admixed or chemically incorporated components with permanent dipoles. In such cases, macroscopic second-order nonlinearity can be accomplished by poling, i.e. by aligning the permanent dipole moments of the components with the aid of an external electric field that is applied at temperatures in the vicinity of the polymer s glass transition temperature, Tg. The order thus obtained is frozen-in by cooling to a low temperature T Tg. The refractive... 

This chapter provides an overview of nonlinear chemical dynamics and synthetic polymeric systems, the progress that has been made in bringing these areas together, and some issues that merit further study. Some key themes and results of nonlinear chemical dynamics are cited, and an attempt is made to link them to important questions in polymeric systems. 

Nonlinear dynamics is a vast field, originating in mathematics and physics, we shall focus here on its chemical aspects. In this section, we provide a brief overview of the key concepts and phenomena relevant to chemical systems. The next section considers nonlinear dynamics in polymeric systems. Finally, we consider future directions for the field. A more detailed treatment of nonlinear chemical dynamics, including a more detailed discussion of polymer systems, may be foimd in reference (7). 

We do not have the space to review polymers but refer the reader to several texts (19-21), What we seek to provide here is a brief overview of the most important differences between polymeric systems and small molecule ones, review sources of feedback, approaches to nonlinear dynamics with polymers, including some specific examples. 

We will not deal with biological systems, which certainly are polymeric systems. Biological systems are nonlinear dynamical systems but they are complex enough and so important that they warrant separate treatment. We refer the reader to reference (22) for an introduction to the topic. 

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