Polymer nomenclature macromolecule

Two systems of polymer nomenclature have been introduced - the source-based and the structure-based. The latter cannot be used for all types of macromolecule, e.g., statistieal copolymer molecules and polymer networks. lUPAC expresses no strong preference for the use of structure-based nomenclature versus source-based nomenclature, but for certain purposes one system of naming may be preferred to the other.. ... 

Despite these serious deficiencies, source-based nomenclature is still firmly entrenched in the scientific literature. It originated at a time when polymer science was less developed and the structures of most polymers were ill-defined. The significant advances made during the last 50 years in the structure determination of polymers are gradually shifting the emphasis of polymer nomenclature away from starting materials and toward the structure of the synthesized macromolecules. 

L. H. Sperling and K. B. Ferguson, Isomeric Graft Copolymers and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. Possible Arrangements and Nomenclature, Macromolecules 8(6), 69 (1975). Graft copolymer and IPN nomenclature scheme. Application of group theory concepts. 

Evidently, the mles of stmcture-based nomendature for regular single-strand polymers are of fundamental importance in polymer nomenclature. They are the basis of the names of other types of polymers such as double-strand" and irregular polymers. Each macromolecule in a polymer may have a different stmctural arrangement and length from the others in... 

Polynucleotides composed of repeatins sequences or of unknown sequence may be representedby either of two systems essentially identical with those devised and recommended by the lUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Macromolecules and by the American Chemical Society s Polymer Nomenclature Commission (see also Synthetic Polypeptides [6]). 

Macromolecular (polymer) nomenclature has an almost 50-year history. As early as 1949 there existed a Subcommission on Nomenclature within the International Union of Pme and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) imder the chairmanship of Maurice L. Huggins. The Subcommission was part of the lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules, chaired then by Herman F. Mark. Other notable pioneers in polymer science, Jan Joseph Hermans, Otto Kratky, Harry W. Melville, and George J. Smets, were members of the Commission. 

The nomenclature of macromolecules can be compHcated when there is Httle or no regularity in the molecules for such molecules, the stmctural details may also be uncertain. In cases where the macromolecule is a polymeric chain with some uncertainties about regularity in its stmcture, a simple expedient is to name the polymer after the monomer that gave rise to it. Thus there are source-based names such as poly(vinyl chloride). 

The first attempt to formulate a systematic nomenclature for polymers was based on the smallest repeating stmctural unit it was pubHshed in 1952 by a Subcommission on Nomenclature of the lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules (95). The report covered not only the naming of polymers, but also symbology and definitions of terms. However, these nomenclature recommendations did not receive widespread acceptance. Further progress was slow, with a report on steric regularity in high polymers pubHshed in 1962 and updated in 1966 (96). 

M. L. Huggins, G. Natta, V. Desreux, H. Mark (for lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules). Report on nomenclature dealing with steric regularity in high polymers ,/. Polym. Sci. 56, 153-161 (1962) Pure Appl. Chem. 12, 643-656 (1966). 

Structure-based nomenclature is based on a method of naming the sequence of constitutional or structural units that represent the repeating pattern of the structure of a typical macromolecule in a polymer. The name bears no direct relation to the structure of the (co)monomer(s) used to synthesize the polymer. 

American Chemical Society. A structure-based nomenclature for linear polymers , Macromolecules 1, 193-198 (1968). 

Graphic representations (chemical formulae) of macromolecules are used extensively in the scientific literature on polymers including lUPAC documents on macromolecular nomenclature. This document establishes rules for the unambiguous representation of macromolecules by chemical formulae. The rules apply principally to synthetic macromolecules. Insofar as is possible, these rules are consistent with the formulae given in lUPAC documents [2-4] and they also cover the presentation of formulae for irregular macromolecules [5], copolymer molecules [1, 6] and star macromolecules. 

The first publication of the lUPAC in the area of macromolecular nomenclature was in 1952 by the Sub-commission on Nomenclature of the then lUPAC Commission on Macromolecules, which drew on the talents of such remarkable individuals as J. J. Hermans, M. L. Huggins, O. Kratky, and H. F. Mark. That report [1] was a landmark in that, for the first time, it systematized the naming of macromolecules and certain symbols and terms commonly used in polymer science. It introduced the use of parentheses in source-based polymer names when the monomer from which the polymer is derived consists of more than one word, a practice that is now widely followed, and it recommended an entirely new way of naming polymers based on their structure that included the suffix amer , a recommendation that has been almost totally ignored. After ten years, the Sub-commission issued its second report [2], which dealt with the then-burgeoning field of stereoregular polymers. A revision [3] of definitions in the original report appeared four years later. In 1968, a summary report [4] of the activities of the Subcommission was published. 

Report of the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Commission on Macromolecules, J. Polym. Sci., PartB Polym. Lett. 6, 257-260 (1968). Obsolete. 

The Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature is currently working on the extension of macromolecular nomenclature to branched and cyclic macromolecules, micronetworks and polymer networks, and to assemblies held together by non-covalent bonds or forces, such as polymer blends, interpenetrating networks and polymer complexes. 

Graft copolymers like 1-27 are named aspoly(A-g-B) with the backbone polymer mentioned before the branch polymer. Examples are poly(ethylene- -styrene) or starch-g-polystyrene. In block copolymer nomenclature b is used in place of g and the polymers are named from an end of the species. Thus the triblock macromolecule 1-53... 

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1952). Report on Nomenclature in the Field of Macromolecules. J. Polymer Sci. 8, 257, especially pp. 269-270. 

CONTENTS Introduction to the Series An Editor s Foreword, Albert Padwa, Emory University. Preface, George R. Newkome, University of South Florida. A Review of Dendritic Macromolecules, George R. Newkome and Charles N. Moorefield, University of South Florida. Stiff Dendritic Macromolecules Based on Phenylacetylenes, Zhifu Xu, Benjamin Kyan, and Jeffery S. Moore, The University of Michigan. Preparation and Properties of Monodisperse Aromatic Dendritic Macromolecules, Thomas X. Neenan, Timothy M. Miller, Elizabeth W. Kwock, and Harvey E. Bair, AT T Bell Laboratories. High-Spin Polyarylmethyl Polyradicals, Andrzej Rajca, University of Nebraska. A Systematic Nomenclature for Cascade (Dendritic) Polymers, Gregory R. Baker and James K. Young, University of South Florida. Index. 

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) formed a Subcommission on Nomenclature of Macromolecules in 1952 and has proceeded to study various topics related to cyclic polymers, blends, composites, cross-linked polymers, block copolymers, etc. lUPAC periodically reports its decisions regarding nomenclature (1, 7, and ). Even so, these rules have not been generally accepted for common polymers by the majority of those in polymer science. 

Nomenclature, non-linear macromolecules 11 Nomenclature, polymer blend 11,12... 

Source-based nomenclature for non-linear macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies is covered by a 1997 lUPAC documents The types of polymers in these classes, together with their connectives, are given in Table 4 the terms shown may be used as connectives, prefixes, or both to designate the features present. 

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