Polymer lighting

In the many reports on photoelectron spectroscopy, studies on the interface formation between PPVs and metals, focus mainly on the two most commonly used top electrode metals in polymer light emitting device structures, namely aluminum [55-62] and calcium [62-67]. Other metals studied include chromium [55, 68], gold [69], nickel [69], sodium [70, 71], and rubidium [72], For the cases of nickel, gold, and chromium deposited on top of the polymer surfaces, interactions with the polymers are reported [55, 68]. In the case of the interface between PPV on top of metallic chromium, however, no interaction with the polymer was detected [55]. The results concerning the interaction between chromium and PPV indicates two different effects, namely the polymer-on-metal versus the metal-on-polymer interface formation. Next, the PPV interface formation with aluminum and calcium will be discussed in more detail. 

The working principle of the polymer light-emitting electrochemical cell is shown in Figure 9-23 ... 

N. Tessler, N.T. Harrison, R.H. Friend, High peak brightness polymer light-emitting diodes, Adv. Mater., 1998, 10, 64. 

As a class of n-type organic semiconductors, PBI derivatives have received considerable attention for a variety of applications [312, 313], for example, for organic or polymer light-emitting diodes (OLEDs and PLEDs) [314, 315], thin-film organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) [316, 317], solar cells [318, 319], and liquid crystals [320]. They are also interesting candidates for single-molecule device applications, such as sensors [321], molecular wires [322], or transistors [141]. 

C Zhang, G Yu, and Y Cao, Long Operating Life for Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes, U.S. Patent... 

Y Yang, Q Pei, and AJ Heeger, Efficient blue polymer light-emitting diodes from a series of soluble poly(paraphenylene)s, J. Appl. Phys., 79 934—939, 1996. 

Z Shuai, D Beljonne, RJ Silbey, and JL Bredas, Singlet and triplet excitons formation rates in conjugated polymer light-emitting diodes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 84 131-134, 2000. 

C Zhang, S Hoger, K Pakbaz, F Wudl, and AJ Heeger, Improved efficiency in green polymer light-emitting diodes with air-stable electrodes, J. Electron. Mater., 23 453 458, 1994. 

Y Cao, G Yu, C Zhang, R Menon, and AJ Heeger, Polymer light-emitting diodes with polyethylene dioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate as the transparent anode, Synth. Met., 87 171-174, 1997. 

DJ Pinner, RH Friend, and N Tessler, Transient electroluminescence of polymer light emitting diodes using electrical pulses, J. Appl. Phys., 86 5116-5130, 1999. 

ID Parker, Y Cao, and CY Yang, Lifetime and degradation effects in polymer light-emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys., 85 2441-2447, 1999. 

G Yu, Y Cao, M Andersson, J Gao, and AJ Heeger, Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells with frozen p-i-n junction at room temperature, Adv. Mater., 10 385-388, 1998. 

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