Polymer electrolyte membrane cross-linking

K. Nakabayashi, T. Higashihara, M. Ueda, Polymer electrolyte membranes based on cross-linked highly sulfonated multiblock copoly(ether sulfone)s. Macromolecules 2010,43(13), 5756-5761. 

Aslan A, Bozkurt A. Development and characterization of polymer electrolyte membranes based on ionical cross-linked poly(l-vinyl-1, 2,4 triazole) and poly(vinylphosphonic acid). J Power Sources 2009 191(2) 442-7. 

Papadimitriou KD, Geormezi M, Neophytides SG et al (2013) Covalent cross-linking in phosphoric acid of pyridine based aromatic polyethers bearing side double bonds for use in high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Membr Sci 433 1-9... 

Papadimitriou KD, Paloukis F, Neophytides SG et al (2011) Cross-linking of side chain unsaturated aromatic polyethers for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications. Macromoiecuies 44 4942-4951... 

Ossiander T, Perchthaler M, Heinzl C et al (2014) Influence of thermal post-curing on the degradation of a cross-linked polybenzimidazole-based membrane for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Power Sources 267 323-328... 

In general, different routes for preparation of polymer electrolyte membrane based on IL have been used and classified into three categories (I) doping of polymers with IL by (a) the immersion of an already formed polymer membrane into a IL solution and (b) by mixing both IL and polymer solution for a certain period of time followed by evaporation of solvent, membranes prepared by this route have been also labeled as polymer gel-type (II) in situ polymerization or cross-linking of monomers in IL by the reactions between IL and polymeric monomers to form IL/polymer membranes ... 

Karatas Y, Kaskhedikar N, Burjanadze M, Wiemhofer HD (2006) Synthesis of cross-linked comb polysiloxane for polymer electrolyte membranes. Macromol Chem Phys 207 419-425... 

J. Chen, M. Asano, T. Yamaki and M. Yoshida, Preparation of sulfonated cross-linked PTFE-gra/l-poly(alkyl vinyl ether) membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells by radiation processing, J. Membr. Sci. 256, 38 (2005). 

Sundhohn s research was well summarized in a review article [ 129], including the description and characterization of novel polymer electrolyte membranes for low-temperature fuel cells. Membranes made of PVDF-g-PSS A graft copolymers, cross-linked by divinylbenzene (and/or bis(vinylphenyl)ethane) [131,134,135], were compared with noncross-hnked membranes. The authors observed that the ion conductivity of the cross-hnked membranes was lower than that of noncross-hnked ones (induced by the inefficient sulfonation of the cross-linked materials and also by low water uptake at a low degree of grafting). Confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the PVDF-g-PSS A membranes in fuel cell conditions [136], finding that the cross-hnked membranes did not undergo the degradation noted with the noncross-hnked films. 

G. Merle, S.S. Hosseiny, M. Wesshng, K. Nijmeijer, New cross-linked PVA based polymer electrolyte membranes for alkaline fuel cells, J. Membr. Sci., 409-410 (2012) 191—199. 

Tripathi, BP and Shahi, VK (2009), 3-[[3-(Triethoxysilyl)propyl]amino] propane-l-sulfonic acid-poly(vmyl alcohol) cross-linked zwitterionic polymer electrolyte membranes for direct methanol fnel cell applications , ACS Inter Mat, 1(5), 1002-1012. 

Buchi, F. N., Gupta, B., Haas, O. and Scherer, G. G. 1995. Performance of differently cross-linked, partially fluorinated proton-exchange membranes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 142 3044—3048. 

Polyphosphazene-based PEMs are potentially attractive materials for both hydrogen/air and direct methanol fuel cells because of their reported chemical and thermal stability and due to the ease of chemically attaching various side chains for ion exchange sites and polymer cross-linking onto the — P=N— polymer backbone. Polyphosphazenes were explored originally for use as elastomers and later as solvent-free solid polymer electrolytes in lithium batteries, and subsequently for proton exchange membranes. 

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