Polyamino esters

Furthermore, a widely used class of degradable polymers based on acrylate esters are polyamino esters (PAE). These are both efficient gene carriers with an advantageous degradation profile and low cytotoxicity and also easy to synthesize [79, 80] by conjugate addition of either primary or bis(secondary amine)s to different diacrylate esters [81-87]. 

The range of the asymmetric epoxidation reaction may be extended still further to include dienes (Entries 7,12,17) and even tetraenes (Entry 26). It is of interest to note that only double bonds adjacent to the carbonyl function are epoxidised and any remaining double bonds are left untouched (Entry 26). This selective reactivity allows for further elaboration of unreacted alkene units at a later stage, (see Sect. 5). Enediones (Entries 21-23) and unsatuxated keto esters (Entries 24 and 25) can also be oxidised in good yields and good to excellent stereoselectivity using polyamino acids. 

The lower members of the homologous series of 1. Alcohols 2. Aldehydes 3. Ketones 4. Acids 5. Esters 6. Phenols 7. Anhydrides 8. Amines 9. Nitriles 10. Polyhydroxy phenols 1. Polybasic acids and hydro-oxy acids. 2. Glycols, poly-hydric alcohols, polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones (sugars) 3. Some amides, ammo acids, di-and polyamino compounds, amino alcohols 4. Sulphonic acids 5. Sulphinic acids 6. Salts 1. Acids 2. Phenols 3. Imides 4. Some primary and secondary nitro compounds oximes 5. Mercaptans and thiophenols 6. Sulphonic acids, sulphinic acids, sulphuric acids, and sul-phonamides 7. Some diketones and (3-keto esters 1. Primary amines 2. Secondary aliphatic and aryl-alkyl amines 3. Aliphatic and some aryl-alkyl tertiary amines 4. Hydrazines 1. Unsaturated hydrocarbons 2. Some poly-alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons 3. Alcohols 4. Aldehydes 5. Ketones 6. Esters 7. Anhydrides 8. Ethers and acetals 9. Lactones 10. Acyl halides 1. Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons Cyclic paraffin hydrocarbons 3. Aromatic hydrocarbons 4. Halogen derivatives of 1, 2 and 3 5. Diaryl ethers 1. Nitro compounds (tertiary) 2. Amides and derivatives of aldehydes and ketones 3. Nitriles 4. Negatively substituted amines 5. Nitroso, azo, hy-drazo, and other intermediate reduction products of nitro com-pounds 6. Sulphones, sul-phonamides of secondary amines, sulphides, sulphates and other Sulphur compounds... 

In the synthesis of optically active aryl glycidic esters, Julia66 type epoxidation (triphasic system of NaOH/aqueous hydrogen peroxide, hexane and a polyamino acid) of an unsaturated ketone gives excellent yields of the required epoxide67. A potent and selective leukotriene antagonist (SK F 104353) has been synthesized by a route where one of the key steps is this type of epoxidation (equation 8)68. 

Polyhydroxy- phenols. amino acids, di- and polyamino compounds, amino alcohols. Sulphonic acids. Sulphinic acids. Salts. sulphinic acids, aminosulphonic acids and sulphonamides. Some diketones and /3-keto esters. Ethers and acetals. Lactones. Acyl halides. Diaryl ethers. intermediate reduction products of nitro compounds. Sulphones, sulphonamides of secondary amines, sulphides, sulphates and other sulphur compounds. 

Recently a simplified process was developed for incorporating l-methionine directly into soy proteins during the papain-catalyzed hydrolysis (21). The covalent attachment of the amino acid requires a very high concentration of protein and occurs through the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate and its subsequent aminolysis by the methionine ester added in the medium. From a practical point of view, the main advantage of enzymatic incorporation of amino acids into food proteins, in comparison with chemical methods, probably lies in the fact that racemic amino acid esters such as D,L-methionine ethyl ester can be used since just the L-form of the racemate is used by the stereospecific proteases. On the other hand, papain-catalyzed polymerization of L-methio-nine, which may occur at low protein concentration (39), will result in a loss of methionine because of the formation of insoluble polyamino acid chains greater than 7 units long. 

Until recently, little success had been achieved in developing a highly enantioselective version of the Darzens reaction. Several investigations of chiral phase-transfer catalysts for this condensation, in which low or modest asymmetric induction is obtained, have been reported. These include the use of N-alky -N-methylephedrinium halides, the quinine-derived salt (120), and polyamino acids. A related study has examined the use of achiral phase-transfer catalysts in the condensations of carbonyl compounds and the asymmetric chloromethylsulfonate ester (121). The same group of researchers subsequently reported similar studies employing the sulfonamides (122)-(124). ... 

Uses Corrosion inhibitor lubricant epo) curing agent/flexibilizer alkyd resin/epoxy ester resin comonomer polymer building block in polyamino-amides for PVC plastisols for use as car underbody coatings and in water-sol. alkyd resins surfactant for industrial applies., lubricants intermediate for mfg. of soaps, emulsions, ethoxylates, buffing compds., lubricants emollient, vise, control agent in cosmet-... 

Sequence polymers synthetic amino acid polymers, consisting of multiple repeats of one short sequence. In contrast to Polyamino acids (see), Sp. contain more than one type of amino acid residue. They are prepared by the self condensation of activated peptides (di to hepta). p-Nitrophenyl esters (see Peptid ) and other activated esters can be u ring closure is avoided by using high concentrations of reactants in polar solvents in the presence of organic bases. The average of the resulting S.p. are considerably lower than those of the synthetic poly-... 

Cellulose ethers and esters Chitosan derivatives Polyamino acids... 

---