Polyamide modified catalysts

Uses Reducing agent in redox-catalyzed polymerization color stabilizer, modifier, catalyst for polyamides antioxidant intermediate for forming metallic salts used as stabilizers accelerator for org. peroxide catalysts improver of polysiloxane resins free radical promoter in emulsion polymerization promoter in polyester resin curing mfg. of self-extinguishing fibers (reacts with polyester resin and polyolefin) color/odor inhibitor, catalyst for some thermoplastics discoloration inhibitor in PE corrosion inhibitor on thin aluminum surfs. lubricity improver in polyphenyl thioether-based lubricants Manuf./Distrib. Akzo Nobel http //www.akzonobel.com, Ferro http //WWW. ferro. com... 

The diamines needed for the polyamides can be made by conversion of the acids to their ammonium salts followed by heating to form the dinitriles, which can then be reduced. Adipic acid can be reduced to 1,6-hexanediol (for use in polyurethanes) with hydrogen in 95% yield using a modified platinum catalyst.38 Earlier processes, which... 

As noted in Section 10.12, the partial hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene is an economically attractive first step in the synthesis of polyamides, because it is more easily separated from unreacted benzene than is cyclohexane. The reaction is however a difficult one to accomplish, because cyclohexene is normally much the more easily hydrogenated, so its appearance in any significant amount depends upon constructing a catalyst which is in effect selectively poisoned for the hydrogenation of the alkene but not for the more strongly adsorbed benzene. There have been many attempts to modify metals (mainly ruthenium ) to secure this result, in ways that are now briefly recounted. 

Besides styrene, MMA, BA, or their copolymers, and also less commonly used polymers such as poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA), poly (hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(aminoethylmethacrylate) PAEMA [111], polyethylene (PE) [112], or polyamides [113], were used for the encapsulation of the silica, as reported in the literature. Polyethylene [112] could also be obtained as encapsulating polymer if a nickel-based catalyst which is dispersed in the aqueous continuous phase is used. Here, lentil-shaped hybrid particles with semicrystalline polyethylene or isotropic hybrid particles with amorphous polyethylene are detected. Silica/polyamide hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized by miniemulsifying a dispersion consisting of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) modified silica particles and sebacoylchloride [113] in an aqueous continuous phase where hexamethylene diamine is dropwise added. 

In situ polymerization was the first method used to synthesize polymer-clay nanocomposites based on polyamide (PA) 6. In this technique, the modified layered silicate is swollen by a liquid monomer or a monomer solution. The monomer migrates into the galleries of the layered silicate, so that the polymerization reaction can occur between the intercalated sheets. The reaction can be initiated either by heat or radiation, by the diffusion of a suitable initiator or by an organic initiator or catalyst fixed through cationic exchange inside the interlayer before the swelling step by... 

A two-component epoxy system consists of a resin and a hardener, along with possible additives such as accelerators, reactive diluents, resin modifiers, plasticizers, and fillers. Typical hardeners include aliphatic polyamines, which cure at room temperature or at slightly elevated temperatures polyamides, which provide flexibility and are widely used aromatics, which are solid and anhydrides, which require elevated temperature cure and produce thermally stable but brittle adhesives. Low molecular weight epoxies are liquid and are usually cured by amines, carboxylic acid anhydrides, and Lewis acid and base catalyst. Higher molecular weight epoxies are cured through their hydroxyl groups. Cure of epoxies involves an exothermic reaction. 

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