Polyacrylonitrile synthesis

Mishra, A., Srinivasan, R., and Gupta, R. (2003). P. psyllium-g-polyacrylonitrile Synthesis and characterization. Colloid Polym. Sci. 281,187-189. 

Z. Mohamadnia, M.J. Zohuriaan-Mehr, K. Kabiri, M. Razavi-Nouri, Tragacanth gum-graft-polyacrylonitrile Synthesis, characterization and hydrolysis,/. Polym. Res., 15,173-180, 2008. 

The first reported synthesis of acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (qv) and polyacrylonitrile [25014-41-9] (PAN) was in 1894. The polymer received Htde attention for a number of years, until shortly before World War II, because there were no known solvents and the polymer decomposes before reaching its melting point. The first breakthrough in developing solvents for PAN occurred at I. G. Farbenindustrie where fibers made from the polymer were dissolved in aqueous solutions of quaternary ammonium compounds, such as ben2ylpyridinium chloride, or of metal salts, such as lithium bromide, sodium thiocyanate, and aluminum perchlorate. Early interest in acrylonitrile polymers (qv), however, was based primarily on its use in synthetic mbber (see Elastomers, synthetic). 

Acrylonitrile, CH,CHCN, is used in the synthesis of acrylic fibers (polyacrylonitriles), such as Orion. Write the Lewis structure of acrylonitrile and describe the hybrid orbitals on each carbon atom. What are the approximate values of the bond angles ... 

Bischof (16) used the macroradicals resulting from vibromilling as initiators for synthesis of block and graft copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) with poly(vinyl chloride) with polyacrylonitrile. 

Takata, T., and M. Taniyama Synthesis of model substances for polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers. I. Synthesis of model substances for polyacrylonitrile-1. Chemistry High Polymers, Japan 16, 693—698 (1959). 

Geiderikh, M.A. (1965) The study of thermal transformation of polyacrylonitrile, PhD theses, A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Moscow, Russia. 

Since the 1960 s many researchers have been concerned with the development of feasible and industrially useful methods for the synthesis of cellulose graft copolymers3, 4. Recent investigations have shown that the most efficient approach to this problem involves free radical polymerization initiated by redox systems5. An impressive example is the industrial production of mtilon (cellulose-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer) and other fibers, particularly those with ion-exchange and acid-resistant properties6"8. ... 

The oldest and probably the most widely used initiator is 4,4 -azobis(4-cyano-n-pentanol). Synthesized from 5-keto-n-pentanol as starting material (Strecker synthesis), this initiator was used in hydroxytelechelic polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethacrylate syntheses, 4). Dienes were also polymerized with this initiator by a different method the molecular weights of liquid hydroxytelechelic polymers are between 2000 and 20000, their functionality is usually higher than two 15,16) (Table 1.1). The polymerization has been studied in dependence on reaction time, monomer and initiator concentrations, temperature, and solvent. The molecular weight increases with decreasing initiator concentration or increasing reaction time. The yield is a function of the nature of monomer and solvent. It decreases in the series chloroprene > butadiene > isoprene and dioxane > toluene. 

In order to ensue a clear presentation of the results the authors decided to segregate both synthetic principles All synthetic strategies developed from the multifunctional condensations of Stille and Marvel were assigned to this general type of reaction. At the same time the first multistep sequences (polymer-analogous cyclization of poly(methyl vinyl ketone) and polyacrylonitrile) are used as point of reference for the classification of the other type of synthesis (stepwise procedures). 

Intramolecular heterocyclization in polyacrylonitrile 86UK62. a-Isocyano acetates, synthesis of N-heterocycles from 85YGK764. Isonitrosotosyl malonates in synthesis of N-heterocycles 80H(14)1581. Lactams, regioselective formation from bridged bicyclic ketones 81T1283. Malononitrile derivatives, synthesis of N-heterocycles condensed from ... 

Write reactions illustrating the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-i>iocA -polyacrylonitrile by anionic polymerization. Show how you could synthesize an ABA block copolymer of the two monomers. 

---