Polyacrylamide water-compatible

Eustace, D. J. Siano, D. B. Drake, E. N., "Polymer Compatibility and Interpolymer Association in the Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Polyacrylamide- Water Ternary System," J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 35, 707 (1988). 

We chose to employ PEGA1900 and PEG (polyacrylamide backbone with PEG spacer and amine functionalization) because its higher polarity allows water or buffer as solvent and better enzyme permeation with respect to classical polystyrene-based resins [99-100], while it is still compatible with a wide range of organic transformations and solvents. 

In the methodology developed by us [24], the incompatibility of the two polymers was exploited in a positive way. The composites were obtained using a two-step method. In the first step, hydrophilic (hydrophobic) polymer latex particles were prepared using the concentrated emulsion method. The monomer-precursor of the continuous phase of the composite or water, when that monomer was hydrophilic, was selected as the continuous phase of the emulsion. In the second step, the emulsion whose dispersed phase was polymerized was dispersed in the continuous-phase monomer of the composite or its solution in water when the monomer was hydrophilic, after a suitable initiator was introduced in the continuous phase. The submicrometer size hydrophilic (hydrophobic) latexes were thus dispersed in the hydrophobic (hydrophilic) continuous phase without the addition of a dispersant. The experimental observations indicated that the above colloidal dispersions remained stable. The stability is due to both the dispersant introduced in the first step and the presence of the films of the continuous phase of the concentrated emulsion around the latex particles. These films consist of either the monomer-precursor of the continuous phase of the composite or water when the monomer-precursor is hydrophilic. This ensured the compatibility of the particles with the continuous phase. The preparation of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) salt latexes dispersed in cross-linked polystyrene matrices as well as of polystyrene latexes dispersed in crosslinked polyacrylamide matrices is described below. The two-step method is compared to the single-step ones based on concentrated emulsions or microemulsions. 

Bio-gel-P is a polyacrylamide polymer cross-linked with methylene bisacrylamide. Bio-gel-P normally is not employed with water-miscible organic solvents because the beads contract, causing reduction in pore size. It is compatible with dilute organic acids, 8M urea, 6M guanidine HCl, chaotropic agents, and detergents. 

A polyacrylamide and a polysaccharide (which performed best in the compatibility studies and in the core experiments) were tested for rheological and retentive behavior in the cores in a 100 percent brine environment. These tests were performed in order to examine the interaction of the pol3rmers with brines of unswept regions in the reservoir. The pol3nners were dissolved in distilled water and then mixed with 100 percent formation brine to the... 

It has been shown that the driftable portion of spray can be reduced by the addition of fully water-soluble high molecular weight linear polymers [47] and the performance in use has been stated to be reasonably correlated with extensional viscosity [48]. Non-ionic and low-charge density anionic polyacrylamide types are preferred as these products are generally compatible with pesticide formulations, particularly glyphosate formulations. The absolute efficiency provided by the polymer is dependent on other ingredients in the formulation as these materials can have an effect on the conformation of the polymer in solution. 

The water-soluble S)mthetic nonionic polymers represent a vast class of pol)nmers. Figure 9 presents some major commercial nonionic polymers that are used as thickeners for aqueous solutions. The nonionic pol5nmers are generally compatible with amonic, nonionic, amphoteric, and cationic surfactants. The nonionic polymers also have a much better tolerance for electrolytes than the anionic polymers. The nonionic polymers may exhibit a cloud point behavior, undergo base or acid hydrolysis, and may be unstable (certain types such as polyacrylamide) to harsh environments such as peroxides, persulfates, or h3q)ochlorite. 

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