Pollination strategy

The contribution of Gerhard Prenner (Chapter 11) studies a special case of high stamen and carpel numbers in Acacia celastrifolia and how this appears to be a concerted increase, linked with specific pollination strategies. 

Listabarth, C. (1992). A survey of pollination strategies in the Bactridinae. Bulletin de I lnstitut Frangais d Etudes Andines, 21,699-714. 

Crocoideae) and the development of bimodal pollination strategies. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166 (3), 459-474. 

The orchids single benefit from supplying this rich reward is, of course, pollination. To ensure that the orchid bees perform as desired, the plants have devised incredible strategies. There are trigger mechanisms that shoot a pollen packet at the bee with considerable force, knocking him down but ensuring that the packet sticks to his body. There are flowers constructed like the western-prairie fringed orchid, so that a bee picks up a compact mass of... 

A more recent strategy for protecting plants from pests and disease involves the use of genetically altered plants. This method is controversial. Concerns include cross-pollination with unaltered plants and the entry of altered plants into the food supply. 

Any process that causes comingling or cross contamination of food and non-food crops is a concern. Cross-pollination with food crops is a particular concern, and several strategies for preventing it have been described (48). For example, crops producing oils for use in industry and containing a non-food fatty acid should not comingle or cross with related food crops. Such crops would have to be grown... 

KUNIN, W., IWASA, Y., Pollinator foraging strategies in mixed floral arrays Density effects and floral constancy. Theor. Pop. Biol, 1996, 49, 232-263. 

Yemm, E.W. Willis, J. (1954). The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone. Journal of Biochemical, Vol.57, No.3, p. 508-514, ISSN 0264-6021 Zimmerman, M. (1988). Nectar production, flowering phenology, and strategies for pollination. In Doust, J.L. Doust, L.L. (Eds.). Plant reproductive ecology, patterns and strategies. Oxford, ISBN 01-950-51750, New York, USA... 

The other strategy is to cooperate with animals that can carry pollen grains (usually inadvertently) from their sites of release to the stigma. Brightly colored flowers and those with intricate shapes usually operate in this way. Birds and insects seek nectar secreted in the throat of the flower, and encounter sticky pollen grains along the way. These hitchhike on feathers or hairs to the next flower, where they can pollinate the ovule there. There are rejection mechanisms that keep many of these flowers from pollinating themselves. 

Growing concern, especially over toxic effects on pollinators, will require additional field studies with neonicotinoids, and safety strategies. [122]... 

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