Pollination process

Despite of efficiency of pollination process, it depends on numerous received visits by pollinators (Schirmer, 1985). Vidal et al. (2010) studying the pollination and set fruit in Cucurbita pepo by honyebees reported that percentage of set fruit was maximum (100%)... 

The pollinator that drag out the sp>ent time in flowers to nectar hoarding, spjeciaUy if it is available, increase the probability of pwllen deposition and, consequently, the pollination can be well successed. Nevertheless, cultivated commercially crops that do not stimulate the nectar production after several visits of pollinators can have an advantage in pollination process, so the number of honeybee visits to flowers is positively correlated to the nectar secretion in all flower duration (Vidal et al., 2006). The evaluation of nectar secretion rate is an important component in ecological studies related to the pollination process, mainly in that about flower-insect interaction. 

Pollination Process of plant fertilization in which bees carry poUen from plant to plant. 

The bright colors of flowers and the varied hues of autumn leaves have always been a cause for delight, but it was nor until the twentieth century that chemists understood how these colors arise from the presence of organic compounds with common structural features. They discovered how small differences in the structures of the molecules of these compounds can enhance photosynthesis, produce important vitamins, and attract pollinating bees. They now know how the shapes of molecules and the orbitals occupied by their electrons explain the properties of these compounds and even the processes taking place in our eyes that allow us to see them. 

Cycads pollination by insects may be one of the earliest forms of insect-pollination. Like conifers, cycads bear their reproductive cells in cones rather than flowers. Individual cycad plants are either male or female, male plants having pollen cones and female plants, seed cones. Fertilization requires transfer of pollen grains from pollen cones to seed cones. The role of insects in this process has received attention in a cycad commonly known as the cardboard palm (Zamia furfuracea). This is a handsome horticultural plant with... 

Insofar as the cardboard palm and its weevil provide a good model, early insect-pollination must have been a rather messy, essentially accidental process. As time passed, however, interactions between plant and animal became more refined. For a more elegant arrangement, we return to flowering plants and consider the... 

GM crops have been introduced rapidly, without extensive testing, on the grounds that they are similar to nonengineered crops. But the process involves creating gene combinations that could not have occurred naturally. Once released into the environment, genes that "escape" from the GM parent plant, via soil bacteria or cross-pollination, will be impossible to retrieve. Once incorporated into wild plants, we can only surmise what the outcome might be. 

Ollerton, J. (1996). Reconciling ecological processes with phylogenetic patterns the apparent paradox of plant-pollinator systems. Journal of Ecology 84 767-769. 

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