Politics and legislation

Figure 6 Wheel model for the iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) elimination program. The model shows the social process involved in a national IDD control program. The successful achievement of this process requires the establishment of a national IDD control commission, with full political and legislative authority to carry out the program. (Reproduced from Hetzel BS (1989) The Story of Iodine Deficiency An international Challenge in Nutrition. Oxford Oxford University Press.)...

The wheel model also shows the social process involved in a national IDD control program. The successful achievement of this process requires the establishment of a national IDD control commission, with full political and legislative authority to carry out the program. 

Review by supervisory body Dmg regulatory legislation normally specifies the official chain of command and the supervisory body to which the DRA must report. Administrative and legislative supervision is an important means of accountability if properly applied. However, supervision should not be used as a means of political influence over legitimate regulatory decisions. 

Existing European legislation to reduce volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions is briefly reviewed and the political and technical reasons why further VOC reductions will be requested in the future are examined. The new European legislation relating to the reduction of VOC in decorative paints is discussed in detail and its consequences for coating manufacturers and their customers are considered. 

Very often, specific laws, policies, pieces of legislation, and the controversy they have generated, provide excellent topics for research papers because they are condensed, specific, and focused. For example, some fascinating political and social phenomena are ... 

It should be borne in mind that legislation is a synthesis of science, politics, and public and private pressure. It represents a society s best estimate, at that moment, of the risks it is prepared to take and those it wishes to avoid, as well as the price it is prepared to pay. Such decisions properly include more than science. The task of the toxicologist is to see that the science that is included is accurate and is interpreted logically. 

In order to increase the U.S. coal production to the 1 to 1.3 billion tons per year level by 1985, we must not only determine what is needed directly in the form of capital, manpower, equipment and similar requirements, but we also need to determine what other actions need to be taken directly and indirectly and what restraints there are from an environmental, legislative, political and social standpoint. Having determined what these are, we then must study how these obstacles and restraints can be removed, how long it will take to remove them and what alternative approaches there are to solving the problems we perceive. 

I believe that we now need to expand the Critical Path Method of analysis to cover all the items which are directly and indirectly involved in the expansion of the coal industry to the 1 billion tons per year level. These include the usual ones such as capital, manpower, equipment, and, in addition, the environmental, legislative, political and social items. The latter have become as important as the other more common items. 

R. Zubek, Complying with Transposition Commitments in Poland Collective Dilemmas, Core Executive and Legislative Outcomes, West European Politics, 2005, 28, 3, 592. 

The first authorisation step pmsuant to the Finnish nuclear legislation is Government s Decision in Principle (DiP). In the DiP, the political and local acceptance for the nuclear project is requested and it is also crucial to siting the proposed nuclear facility. Posiva submitted its DiP application for building a spent fuel disposal facility at Olkiluoto in 1999. After STUK s positive safety appraisal, the proposed host municipality approved the application and the Finnish Government made the DiP in late 2000. Finally, the Parliament almost imanimously endorsed the DiP half a year later. 

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