Policy paradigm shift

Strong, M. FDA policy and regulation of stereoisomers Paradigm shift and the future of safer, more effective drugs. Food Drug Law J. 1999, 54,463 487, and references therein. 

There is an ongoing paradigm shift in the EU, the United States, and many other states, toward knowledge-driven policies where the burden-of-proof is placed primarily on the main manufacturers and users of chemicals, rather than on the authorities. However, as discussed in the chapter, authorities can do more to drive technological innovation. 

Even to date, there is no societal consensus on policy objectives in labour market policies. Hence, the paradigm shift to activation is not yet complete. Moreover, there is a dominating sense of injustice. It is fair to argue that the broad rejection of the Hartz IV reform is due to a fundamental deficit of legitimising the hidden or silent shift from a social insurance state to a welfare state dominated by basic income support and stronger activation. 

Lilford RJ, Braunholtz D (1996) The statistical basis of public policy a paradigm shift is overdue [see comments]. British Medical Journal 313 603-607. 

In the late 1990s, three paradigm shifts converged to cause the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to move away from command and control toward a more collaborative approach with its historic antagonists to achieve the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) policy goal that adequate data...be developed with respect to the effect of chemical substances and mixtures on health and the environment...[by] those who manufacture. .. [and]. .. process such chemical substances and mixtures. ... 

In New Zealand, the government not only required positive benefit-cost ratios before a project could proceed, but also mandated that the economic returns must reach a prescribed positive level. When this policy was introduced, safety projects became uncompetitive. The traffic safety specialists made a successful case for a switch from the direct cost method to the willingness-to-pay method for estimating the dollar value of a statistical life. The switch resulted in an approximate doubling of the value of a life and got a lot more safety projects over the line in the benefit-cost competition. Sadly, traffic safety advocates in New Zealand currently bemoan a failure to adequately adjust overtime, the values derived of this paradigm shift of well over a decade ago. ... 

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