Polar gases

Zwanzig R 1955 High temperature equation of state by a perturbation method II. Polar gases J. Chem. Phys. 23 1915... 

Characterization and influence of electrohydro dynamic secondary flows on convective flows of polar gases is lacking for most simple as well as complex flow geometries. Such investigations should lead to an understanding of flow control, manipulation of separating, and accurate computation of local heat-transfer coefficients in confined, complex geometries. The typical Reynolds number of the bulk flow does not exceed 5000. 

Equation 31 should not be used for densities greater than about half the critical value, nor equation 32 for densities exceeding 85% of the critical value. Substantially lower limits may apply for polar gases, particularly those that associate. 

No comprehensive compilation of published hydrogen solubility data is available. However, useful data sources can be found elsewhere [7, 8, 15, 16]. As a well-known general trend for mono- or di-atomic non-polar gases, the solubility... 

Benson, B. B. Krause, D., Jr. "Empirical Laws for Dilute Solutions of Non Polar Gases" J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 64,... 

A dipole-induced dipole force is similar to that of an ion-induced dipole force. In this case, however, the charge on a polar molecule is responsible for inducing the charge on the non-polar molecule. Non-polar gases such as oxygen and nitrogen dissolve, sparingly, in water because of dipole-induced dipole forces. 

Stockmayer W. H. (1941). Second virial coefficients of polar gases. J. Chem. Phys., 9 398-402. 

C. Ambient Air Analysb. Trace analysis of toxic gases in the environment is receiving more emphasis by many industries. Some of the more polar gases are very difficult to analyze by gas chromatography. One example is monochloroacetyl chloride. This gas can be collected from the atmosphere on Silica gel, extracted in dilute sodium bicarbonate, and then analyzed directly by IC as monochloroacetic acid (10). A... 

Detonation, Intermolecular Force-Constants of Gases. Taylor (1952), pp 37 38,gives intermolecular force-constants and some other properties of non-polar gases N2, ... 

Gas-phase MR will undoubtedly find more widespread use in studies of catalysts and catalytic reactors initial studies have been done with thermally polarized gases. Clearly, it will be of interest to image gas flows in reactors in this application, the measurement strategies used to image gas and liquid flows will be similar. However, gas- and liquid-phase species diffusing within a porous catalyst will be influenced to differing extents by the physical and chemical characteristics of the catalyst. These... 

Of a special astronomical interest is the absorption due to pairs of H2 molecules which is an important opacity source in the atmospheres of various types of cool stars, such as late stars, low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, certain white dwarfs, population III stars, etc., and in the atmospheres of the outer planets. In short absorption of infrared or visible radiation by molecular complexes is important in dense, essentially neutral atmospheres composed of non-polar gases such as hydrogen. For a treatment of such atmospheres, the absorption of pairs like H-He, H2-He, H2-H2, etc., must be known. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that for technical applications, for example in gas-core nuclear rockets, a knowledge of induced spectra is required for estimates of heat transfer [307, 308]. The transport properties of gases at high temperatures depend on collisional induction. Collision-induced absorption may be an important loss mechanism in gas lasers. Non-linear interactions of a supermolecular nature become important at high laser powers, especially at high gas densities. 

Spectral moments may be computed from expressions such as Eqs. 5.15 or 5.16. Furthermore, the theory of virial expansions of the spectral moments has shown that we may consider two- and three-body systems, without regard to the actual number of atoms contained in a sample if gas densities are not too high. Near the low-density limit, if mixtures of non-polar gases well above the liquefaction point are considered, a nearly pure binary spectrum may be expected (except near zero frequencies, where the intercollisional process generates a relatively sharp absorption dip due to many-body interactions.) In this subsection, we will sketch the computations necessary for the actual evaluation of the binary moments of low order, especially Eqs. 5.19 and 5.25, along with some higher moments. 

We know today that hydrogen and helium are overwhelmingly the most abundant species in the atmospheres of the outer planets, but direct evidence for their presence was virtually absent prior to the work mentioned [145]. Supermolecular spectroscopy had to be discovered before such evidence could be understood and it comes as no surprise that soon after Welsh s discovery many other uses of collision-induced absorption were pointed out in various astrophysical studies. Supermolecular absorption and emission have become the spectroscopy of the neutral, dense regions, especially where non-polar gases prevail. 

Then, NO treatment results in a significant increase of the surface tension of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers. This point was checked by gas permeability measurements. As shown on Table 2, both permeabilities and permeability coefficients (independent of thickness) increase significantly for "polar gases" (02 and C02). 

For mixtures, the simple molar-average pseudo-critical temperature, pressure, and density, and molar-average molecular weight are used as before. For mixtures of polar gases, no appropriate correlation has been given. 

Pure non-hydrocarbon polar and non-polar gases at high pressure... 

There is a method of prediction due to Stiel and Thodos that depends on the reduced density as a corrector to the low-pressure gas viscosity (/ ), and takes various forms for polar gases, according to the reduced density. This is shown in the following equations ... 

In all cases, viscosities are in Pa.s, Tc in K and Pc in Pa. For non-polar gases, the errors are very small, while for polar gases, average errors may reach 10%. 

Correlating equations for the thermal conductivity. For non-polar gases, the departure of thermal conductivity, A., from the zero-pressure value, at the same temperature is given by the equations of Stiel and Thodos [17] that are valid over different gas-density ranges. These... 

The above equations were obtained from twenty non-polar gases including inert gases, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide (but not hydrogen and helium). Hence, possible errors can be as large as 20%. The maximum pressure corresponds to a reduced density of 2.8. In the above equations, Zc represents the critical compressibility factor. The value of gamma is calculated using Eqn. (3.4-26). 

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