Plume tails

Fig. 2. Graph of plume material thickness v. distance (normalized) from plume s centre for several lithospheric geometries. For linear flow (e.g. along a channel at the LAB below a pre-existing rift zone) and radial flow (e.g. plume arising beneath a flat-keeled craton) material from the plume head is relatively uniform in thickness, except at its edges where viscosity increases associated with cooling retard flow. The shape of the radial curve is similar for topography of limited (small craton) or infinite extent (large craton). Unlike the top two cases, the flow from the plume tail thins more rapidly with distance from the centre (continuous line).

The steady-state solution for material fed by a plume tail is also obtained following Huppert (1982). For simplicity we centre the plume tail within a flat-bottomed region of radius Ro, which represents a small craton. The steady-state solution of (3) where the plume material thickness is zero at i = 2 o is... 

Although the details are beyond the scope of this book, health problems can be caused by solids and liquids suspended in water (for example, in waste-tailings streams) or in air (for example, in stack-emission plumes). Specific potential hazards have been associated with a diverse spectrum of colloidal materials, including synthetic chemicals, coals, minerals, metals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and wood pulp. Limits for human exposure for many particulate, hazardous materials are published [504,505],... 

Long plumes and tail feathers Colorful or patterned flight and body feathers Neutral-colored feather trim Down Whole or partial body with feathers... 

A few classicaV studies on the reactivity of HCs to reduce NOx with catalysts indicated that the use of such reductants for controlling mobile NOx emissions was quite attractive to the automotive industry, thereby the advent of a new type of HC-SCR technology in the mid-1980s. An example may be the treatment process of the tail gas from nitric acid production plant via ammonia oxida-tion. The process includes the usual injection of excessive amounts of HCs over supported noble metals such as Pt, Pd and Rh to eliminate the yellowish stack plume due to 0.1 - 0.5% NOx, mainly NO2, from the nitric acid plant. 

Campbell ., Griffiths R. W., and HillR. E. T. (1989) Melting in an Archean mantle plume heads its basalts, tails its komatiites. Nature 339, 697-699. 

Plume flattens along the base of the lithosphere and undergoes decompression melting Asthenosphere Plume head fed by narrow tail... 

Richards M. A., Duncan R. A., and Courtillot V. E. (1989) Elood basalts and hot spot tracks plume heads and tails. Science 246, 103-107. 

The males of paradise flycatchers (Terpsiphone spp.) are attractive birds with very-long plumes extending from the center of their tail. The paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) occurs in South and Southeast Asia. This lovely bird has a black head with a crest, a white belly, a chestnut back, and two long, chestnut plumes extending from the tail. This species also occurs in a white-bodied, black-headed phase. 

Campbell, I. H., Griffiths, R. W. Hill, R. I. 1989. Melting in an Archaean mantle plume heads it s basalts, tails it s komatiites. Nature, 339, 697-699. 

In-vitro studies (dose/spray content uniformity, droplet/drug particle size distrib., spray pattern, plume geometry, priming repriming, tail off profile)... 

A seepage control system was installed which consisted of pumping water from wells into the tailings basin to control the further migration of the groundwater plume. The planned reclamation is to add a low-permeability cover on the tailings ponds to control... 

Here, we use the Bear Creek Uranium example discussed in 6.2 to calculate the acidity of contaminated groundwater and tailings fluids. If the total acidity of groundwater and contaminated sediments, as well as the neutralization capacity of the aquifer matrix are known, the distance that the acid plume will migrate can be estimated based on mass balance. 

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