Plug-type sensors

Besides, for monitoring of sodium ingress into some cavities the spark-plug-type sensors are used. 

The quantity of piezoelectric die-plug-type sensors and their locations in progressive dies depend largely on the particular operations taking place. Not all stations need a sensor. However, it is recommended that one sensor always be located very near the first die station. This location provides a means for detecting variations in material such as thickness, hardness, temper, and so forth. Other sensor locations could include forming stations where early characteristics of punch and die wear can be identified (Fig. 10). 

During the last 25 years, the plug-type gas sensors have shown a greater mechanical integrity than other types of zirconia-based sensors of similar construction, and thus have lower leak rates and greater resistance to thermal and/or mechanical shock, factors which produce long sensor lifetimes and enable in-situ oxygen probes to be used in applications found to be beyond the capability of the other zirconia-based probes. 

Yet another advantageous featme of the plug-type zirconia-based sensors with the composite electrolyte is the capability of these sensors to be formed in the green ... 

Electrode requirements The calomel reference electrode should be of the sleeve tip rather than the fiber or ceramic plug type and care should be taken with the replacement of the reference electrode solution. The fluoride ion-selective electrode consists of a europium-doped lanthanum fluoride crystal. The emf response of the electrode to standard solutions should not be less than 55 mV over the range of concentrations of 0.2-200 mg dm Values of the emf response lower than this can arise from poor matching of the sensor and reference electrodes, deterioration of the sensor electrode membrane, poor maintenance of the reference electrode, or poor maintenance of the sensor electrode. The analysis should be carried out in plastic vessels. 

For patients at home, these sensors have been marketed (by Medisense) to look like a typical credit card a sample of blood is placed on an uncovered portion on the flat of one side, and a readout obtained when the sensor is plugged into a portable display unit. This type of sensor can yield an accurate determination of [glucose] in the concentration range 0-25 mmol dm within about 20-30 s. 

Kinetic measurements are based on signal increments over preset intervals and have the advantage of their relative rather than absolute nature, which avoids interferences from the sample matrix. Figure 2.19.B shows the different variants of kinetic measurements in this context, which depend on the type of sensor and coupled continuous configuration used. The most immediate variant involves halting the flow over an interval At when the sample plug reaches the detector (Fig. 2.19.B.2), where the (bio)chemical reaction is allowed to developed while the product of interest is monitored simultaneously. The other two variants... 

Aqueous hydrogen peroxide of a given concentration was poured into a vessel with a piston pump, which continuously injected it into the reactor. Methane was supplied from a gas cylinder with pressure sensors at the output. It was purified and dried, then heated and injected into the reactor. The reaction system is of a homogeneous (non-catalytic) flow type and operates in plug flow mode. 

To facilitate measurement and control of larger flow rates, the heat-transfer-type flowmeters can also be placed in a small bypass around a capillary element in the process pipe. The laminar flow element serves to ensure laminar flow and also acts as a restriction forcing a portion of the flow into the sensor tube. The small-size bypass serves to minimize the electric power requirement and to increase the speed of response, but it requires upstream filters to protect it against plugging. 

An electromedical device may have more than one applied part, Figure 10.37. The producer must basically declare the intended use of his or her equipment. If an applied part is intended to he used in direct connection with the heart, it must he of type CF. The same instrument may have another applied part intended to he used with skin surface electrodes or sensors. That applied part may he of type B, BF, or CF. A plug in the instrument may he marked with type B, hut a hox with a galvanic separation may he inserted in the cahle so that the applied part is converted from type B to BF or CF... 

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