Plough effect

Figure 8.7 A schematic representation of three possible homoanomeric interactions in six-membered saturated heterocycles (a) the W-effect, (b) the Plough (the "Big Dipper") effect, and (c) the "mirror image" of the Plough effect. Differences in hybridization are neglected.

Figure 8,8 Reverse Perlin effect (equatorial C-H bond elongation) stems from the Plough effect in 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dithiane and 1,3-oxathiane but the W-effect is greater in azacyclohexanes.

Florfenicol (2) has been approved in Japan for the treatment of pseudo-tuberculosis caused by Pasteurellapiscicida and streptococcosis m. yeUowtail fish. The recommended dose is 10 mg/kg for up to one week and the drug withdrawal time is five days after cessation of treatment. Florfenicol is active in bovine respiratory disease caused by Pasteurella species and mastitis caused by Staphylococci and Streptococci. It is also effective in neonatal cohbacillosis caused by E. coli. The drug is being developed worldwide by Schering-Plough Animal Health for the treatment of aquatic and bovine diseases. 

Table 3 Effects of ploughing out of old permanent grassland at various dates. Estimated contribution in 1995 to nitrate-nitrogen in soil and, if leached, to the nitrate concentration in drainage from the soil (assumed to be 250 mm per year)...

The most satisfactory method for the organic farmer to reduce the risk of infection to lambs from internal parasites is to practise clean grazing, which reduces parasitic infection and increases lamb growth rate (Fig. 3.5). The most effective method of clean grazing is, as we have seen, to use a three year rotational system with sheep, followed by cattle, and then arable. This presupposes land that can be ploughed. On permanent pasture farms with no arable, beef and sheep should be alternated. To make this effective, it helps if there are as many beef livestock units as sheep. If the farm contains only sheep, then it is advisable to alternate on an annual basis between ewes with twins and ewes with singles. If the flock normally produces mostly... 

Common side effects noted include injection site reactions, weakness, dizziness, weight loss and flu-like symptoms, with depression being the most common reason for treatment discontinuation. ViraferonPeg is manufactured and marketed by Schering Plough. 

Control of NH3 loss during grassland production presents many problems. The most readily manipulated loss is that arising from land application of slurry. Injection effectively eliminates NH3 loss, as discussed above, and is sometimes reflected in increased efficiency of utilisation of the N applied (29). On grass/arable farms, application of slurry prior to ploughing or cultivation also increases N recovery by the following crop. However, the speed with which NH3 loss can occur requires that cultivation takes place almost immediately after application (29). 

Petersen, H. 2002. Effects of non-inverting deep tillage vs. conventional ploughing on collem-... 

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