Plastics - Applications

Changes and Developments - Plastic Recycling Today, 2 Edition, PIE-No.39493, Duales System Deutschland GmbH, Saarlouis, Germany, 1996. 

Ismail and A.M.M. Yusof, Progress in Rubber, Plastics, and Recycling Technology, 2005,21, 2, 85. 

Wims and S.J. Swarin, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1975,19,1243. 

Sudhakar, M. Doble, P.S. Murthy and R. Venkatesan, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2008, 

Scott in Polymers and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry Paperbacks, Cambridge, UK, 1999, p.80. 

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It will be observed from Table 22.1 that industrial cellulose nitrates or nitrocellulose (as they are often erroneously called) have a degree of substitution somewhere between 1.9 and 2.7 and that materials with lower degrees of substitution are used for plastics applications. 

Although acid caseins are employed for a number of purposes, rennet caseins in which the protein remains associated with calcium and phosphate are preferred for plastics applications. Rennet is the dried extract of rennin, obtained from the inner lining of the fourth stomach of calves, and is a very powerful coagulant. As little as 0.2 parts per million are said to be sufficient to coagulate slightly acidic milk. Its coagulating power is destroyed at 100°C. 

Rigid slabs, pipe sections, beveled lags, molded products and as a dry mix for wet plastic application. 

Products that are subjected to a load have to be analyzed carefully with respect to the type and duration of the load, the temperature conditions under which the load will be active, and the stress created by the load. A load can be defined as continuous when it remains constant for a period of 2 to 6 hours, whereas an intermittent load could be considered of up to two hours duration and is followed by an equal time for stress recovery. The temperature factor requires greater attention than would be the case with metals. The useful range of temperatures for plastic applications is relatively low and is of a magnitude that in metals is viewed as negligible. 

The early development of modern plastic materials (over a century) can be related to the electrical industry. The electronic and electrical industry continues to be not only one of the major areas for plastic applications, they are a necessity in many applications worldwide (2,190). The main reasons is that plastic designed products are generally basically inexpensive, easily shaped, fast production dielectric materials with variable but controllable electrical properties, and jn most cases the plastics are used because they are good insulators (Chapter 5, ELECTRICAL PROPERTY). 

To ensure quality control material suppliers and developers routinely measure such complex properties as molecular weight and its distribution, crystallinity and crystalline lattice geometry, and detailed fracture characteristics (Chapter 6). They use complex, specialized tests such as gel permeation chromatography (2, 3), wide- and narrow-angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high-temperature pressurized solvent reaction tests to develop new polymers and plastics applications. 

Fig. 10-9 Interrelation among the methods of plastic applications and processing for the family of plastic materials.

The extent to which plastics are used in any industry in the future will depend in part upon the continued total R D activity carried on by materials producers, processors, fabricators, and users in their desire to broaden the scope of plastic applications. An R D example is the rail car hopper, called the Grasshopper (10,14). It is literally all plastic that provides improved load and operating performances over metals (Fig. 10-11). ... 

Special mention must be made of poly(lactic acid), a biodegradable/bio-resorbable polyester, obtained from renewable resources through fermentation of com starch sugar. This polymer can compete with conventional thermoplastics such as PET for conventional textile fibers or engineering plastics applications. Hie first Dow-Cargill PLA manufacturing facility is scheduled to produce up to 140,000 tons of Nature Works PLA per year beginning in 200245 at an estimated price close to that of other thermoplastic resins U.S. l/kg.46 Other plants are planned to be built in the near future.45... 

It is now a common feeling that our world cannot survive as it is without plastics [1]. Starting from 1930, when the macromolecular concept started to gain acceptance in the scientific community [2], the advances in polymer science have been so striking that plastics have invaded almost every aspect of modern human life, both as daily materials and as sophisticated substrates able to cover high-tech applications [3]. A very easy and simple way to check this assertion is to visit the The Macrogalleria web site (1st floor) [4] where an extensive exemplification of the most common and important plastic applications in different fields is provided in a really immediate and impressive way. 

A number of vat dyes developed originally for textile applications are suitable, after conversion into an appropriate pigmentary physical form, for use in many paint and plastics applications. Examples of these so-called vat pigments include the anthraquinones, Indanthrone Blue (215, C. I. Pigment Blue 60) and Flavanthrone Yellow (216, C. I. Pigment... 

This study deals with life cycle assessment of emissions related to the use of additives in a plastic application. This means that environmental impacts are estimated for the total of emissions, not restricted to toxic effects and/or one substance (like DEHP). Furthermore emissions relate to the cradle-to-grave chain of the additive application in cushion vinyl floor covering. 

It is described as bright yellowish orange and can be used for aqueous flexo inks and in the plastics application in dibutyl phthalate paste as plastiziser for PVC. Dyeing of technical leathers is as well described. 

This is a bright scarlet shade metallized azo pigment with a chemical constitution which is not yet published. This pigment is predominantly useful in plastic applications that do not require exterior weatherfastness. 

Molecular weights (number average) in the range of 20 000 to 35 000 [88] are achieved in the melt phase and are used for fibre and engineering plastics applications. For some injection moulding and extrusion applications, molecular weights above 40 000 [88] are required. Such high valves are best achieved by SSP. 

Table 2.7 Market shares for the eight main plastic application sectors...

The important derivatives of benzene are shown in Table 8.8. Ethylbenzene is made from ethylene and benzene and then dehydrogenated to styrene, which is polymerized for various plastics applications. Cumene is manufactured from propylene and benzene and then made into phenol and acetone. Cyclohexane, a starting material for some nylon, is made by hydrogenation of benzene. Nitration of benzene followed by reduction gives... 

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