Plasminogen activation, and

Reed SD, Cramer SC, Blough DK, Meyer K, Jarvik JG. Treatment with tissue plasminogen activator and inpatient mortality rates for patients with ischemic stroke treated in community hospitals. Stroke. 2001 32 1832-1840. 

Straub S, Junghans U, Jovanovic V, Wittsack HJ, Seitz RJ, Siebler M. Systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and tirofiban in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2004 35 705-709. 

Lucas M. A., Fretto L. S., McKee P. A. The relationship of fibrinogen structure to plasminogen activation and plasmin activity during fibrinolysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1983 408, 71-91. 

Fazioli F., Blasi F. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor New target for anti-metastatic therapy Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994 15,25-9. 

Baker J. B Low D. A., Simmer R. L. Protease nexin A cellular component that links thrombin and plasminogen activator and mediates their binding to cells. Cell 1980 21, 37-45. 

Mammalian cell suspension cultures are the preferred choice for large-scale recombinant protein production in stirred-tank bioreactors. The most widely used systems are Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and the murine myeloma fines NSO and SP2/0. In half of the biological license approvals from 1996-2000, CHO cells were used for the production of monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant glycosylated proteins, including tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) and an IgGl fusion with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, the latter marketed as Enbrel [7]. 

The heterogeneity of Lp(a) is related to ultrastructural motifs in the molecule, strongly resembling the so-called kringles found in both plasminogen and other plasma proteins, such as proteases of the coagulation system (tissue type plasminogen activator and prothrombin) (Fig. 2). 

Edelberg (E2-E4) extensively describes the interaction of Lp(a) with tPA-mediated plasminogen activation and the influence of heparin on this mechanism. Lp(a) inhibits this mechanism analogous to the direct activation of plasminogen by tPA on fibrin(ogen) by displacing heparin from the binding sites. 

D7. Duffy, M. J., Urokinase plasminogen activator and malignancy. Fibrinolysis 7, 295-302 (1993). 

G5. Grondahl-Hansen, J., Christensen, 1., Rosenquist, C., Brunner, N., Mouridsen, H. T., Dano, K., and Blichert-Toft, M., High levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PA1-I in cytosolic extracts of breast carcinomas are associated with poor prognosis. Cancer Res. 53, 2513-2521 (1993). 

Saksela, O., Plasminogen activation and regulation of pericellular proteolysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 823, 35-65 (1985). 

Figure 22.5 (a) Injury to endothelial cells can lead to thrombosis. Healthy endothelial cells secrete two factors that inhibit thrombus formation (i) prostacyclins, which inhibit aggregation of platelets and (ii) a factor that facilitates conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Injury to endothelial cells can facilitate thrombosis since (i) they do not secrete prostacyclins (ii) they do not secrete plasminogen activator and (iii) they secrete a factor that stimulates thrombosis. (b) Diagram of an atheroscle-rosed artery containing a thrombus. A thrombus is blocking the lumen of the artery that is not totally blocked by plaque. 

Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction results of the TIMI IIIB trial. Thrombolysis in myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1994 89 1545-1556. 

Tissue-Plasminogen Activator and Growth-Associated Protein 43. 100... 

Thorsen, S. (1992). The mechanism of plasminogen activation and the variability of the fibrin effector during tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated fibrinolysis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 667, 52-63. 

Reteplase (Retavase) and tenecteplase (TNKase) are newer thrombolytics. These agents are derived of human tissue plasminogen activator, and therefore... 

Takayama TK, McMullen BA, Nelson PS, Matsumura M, Fujikawa K. Characterization of hK4 (Prostase), a prostate-specific serine protease Activation of the precursor of prostate specific antigen (pro-PSA) and single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator and degradation of prostatic acid phosphatase. Biochemistry 2001 40 15341-15348. 

Ohman EM, Kleiman NS, Gacioch G, et al. Combined accelerated tissue-plasminogen activator and platelet glycoprotein llb/llla integrin receptor blockade with integrilin in acute myocardial infarction. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Circulation 1997 95 846. 

Cannon CR McCabe CH, Henry TD, et al. A pilot trial of recombinant desulfatohirudin compared with heparin in conjunction with tissue-type plasminogen activator and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 5 trial, J Am Coll Cardiol 1994 23 993-1003. 

Zeymer U, von Essen R, Tebbe U, et al, Frequency of optimal anticoagulation for acute myocardial infarction after thrombolysis with front-loaded recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator and conjunctive therapy with recombinant hirudin (HBW 023). ALKK Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1995 76 997-1001. 

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