Plant Cell Immobilization Materials

30 mL of tobacco suspension cells grown by the method described in the previous experiment 

875 g alginate, 5 mL plant culture medium, and 25 mL of water and sterilize. 

Wait for the 30 mL of suspension plant culture to settle and remove the supernatant. It normally takes about 10 minutes. 

Pump the cell-alginate mixture through a sterilized silicone tube (1.6 mm ID) and feed drop-wise into a flask containing sterilized 200 mL of 0.12 M CaCl2. The droplets instantaneously will react with CaCL2 to form spherical beads (3.75-4.5 mm in diameter). 

Keep the beads in the solution for 1 hour to ensure that precipitation reaction reaches completion. 

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Immobilization of plant cells in hybrid sol-gel materials. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 7, 87-97. 

Embryogenic rice calli tend to form larger clumps during cultivation. Therefore, immobilization of the calli has hardly been carried out until now. Porous supports such as polyurethane foam have often been used for the immobilization of mycelial cells [64, 65] and plant cells [66-68]. In almost all cases, effective production of biological materials by the immobilized cells has been reported. To avoid the damage due to the hydrodynamic stress, we proposed the immobilization culture of rice callus using a macroporous urethane foam support. A turbine-blade reactor (TBR), which has been developed for hairy root culture, was also used in the culture. In the culture space, polyurethane foam was added as an immobilization support. 

Cells are grown either in suspension in a free or immobilized form 102), or by adherence to a solid surface 100). Materials used for promoting surface-dependent cell growth are glasses, metals, plastics, carbohydrate polymers etc. the media used contain substances such as blood plasma, amniotic fluids, tissue extracts, etc.103). Recent developments in animal cell culture are aimed at the improvement of strains and culture techniques, medium optimization, and scale-up. In contrast to plant cell culture, animal cell culture has already found its technical application. Large-scale... 

Immobilized enzymes are defined as enzymes physically confined or localized in a certain defined region of space with retention of their catalytic activities, which can be used repeatedly and continuously. This definition is applicable to the enzymes as well as aU types of biocatalysts such as cellular organelles, microbial cells, plant cells, and animal cells. In some cases, these biocatalysts are bound to or within insoluble supporting materials (carriers) by chemical or physical binding. In other cases, biocatalysts are free, but confined to limited domains or spaces of supporting materials (entrapment). 

Techniques of attachment, entrapment, and encapsulation are most widely used for cell immobilization with support materials, which are illustrated in Figure 7.1. These techniques can be applied to essentially all the viable or nonviable wholecell systems of potential interest microorganisms, plant cells, and mammalian and insect cells [2]. Although most of the principles associated with enzyme immobilization are directly applicable to cell immobilization, due to the complete difference in size and biochemical properties between enzymes the cells, the relative importance of these methods is considerably different [10]. 

Some non-silica sol-gel materials have also been developed to immobilize bioactive molecules for the construction of biosensors and to synthesize new catalysts for the functional devices. Liu et al. [33] proved that alumina sol-gel was a suitable matrix to improve the immobilization of tyrosinase for detection of trace phenols. Titania is another kind of non-silica material easily obtained from the sol-gel process [34, 35], Luckarift et al. [36] introduced a new method for enzyme immobilization in a bio-mimetic silica support. In this biosilicification process precipitation was catalyzed by the R5 peptide, the repeat unit of the silaffin, which was identified from the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis. During the enzyme immobilization in biosilicification the reaction mixture consisted of silicic acid (hydrolyzed tetramethyl orthosilicate) and R5 peptide and enzyme. In the process of precipitation the reaction enzyme was entrapped and nm-sized biosilica-immobilized spheres were formed. Carturan et al. [11] developed a biosil method for the encapsulation of plant and animal cells. 

The role of LCC s in living plant tissues is presumed to be related to the prevention of water-soluble hemicelluloses from dissolving out of the cell wall by the formation of micelles or aggregates that immobilize sugar chains, and the solubilization of water-insoluble material such as lignin, thereby enabling it to move to any place in the cell. 

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