Piping systems, design category

Metallic pipe systems comprise the majority of applications. Metallic pipe, tubing, and pipe fittings are divided into two main categories seamless and welded. Both have advantages and disadvantages in terms of economy and function. Specifications governing the production of these products dictate the permissible mechanical and dimensional variations, and code design calculations account for these variations. 

Are design details and specifications for end-of-pipe emission control systems fully documented in an inventory Provide details of all end-of-pipe control systems (for aqueous emissions, gaseous emissions, and waste). Identify the risk category. 

Are end-of-pipe emission control systems monitored on a regular basis to ensure compliance with design requirements (inputs and outputs) Provide monitoring information over the last 12 months. Identify the risk category on a system-by-system basis. 

In this approach accident cases and design recommendations can be analysed level by level. In the database the knowledge of known processes is divided into categories of process, subprocess, system, subsystem, equipment and detail (Fig. 6). Process is an independent processing unit (e.g. hydrogenation unit). Subprocess is an independent part of a process such as reactor or separation section. System is an independent part of a subprocess such as a distillation column with its all auxiliary systems. Subsystem is a functional part of a system such as a reactor heat recovery system or a column overhead system including their control systems. Equipment is an unit operation or an unit process such as a heat exchanger, a reactor or a distillation column. Detail is an item in a pipe or a piece of equipment (e.g. a tray in a column, a control valve in a pipe). 

Decrease in heat removal from the secondary side - Events in this category (which include loss of offsite power, loss of normal feedwater, turbine trip and feed system piping failure) could potentially have larger consequences in IRIS than in loop type PWRs because of the limited water inventory in the once through steam generators. However, the IRIS design compensates for the limited SG water inventory. 

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