Physical laser addressed devices

This article addresses key aspects of diffractive optics. Common analytical models are described and their main results summarized. Exact numerical methods are applied when precise characterization of the periodic component is required, whereas approximate models provide analytical results that are valuable for preliminary design and improved physical insight. Numerous examples of the applications of diffractive optical components are presented. These are optical interconnects, diffractive lenses, and subwavelength elements including antireflection surfaces, polarization devices, distributed-index components, and resonant filters. Finally, recording of gratings by laser interference is presented and an example fabrication process summarized. 

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