Photovoltaic materials history

Goetzberger A, Hebling C, Schock HW (2003) Photovoltaic materials, history, status and outlook. Mater Sci Eng R 40 1... 

A. Goetzberger, C. Hebling, and H.-W. Schock. Photovoltaic materials, history, status and outlook. Mater. Set Eng., R, 40(1) 1-46, January 2003. F.-C. Chen, Q. Xu, and Y. Yang. Enhanced efficiency of plastic photovoltaic devices by blending with ionic solid electrolytes. Appl. Phys. Lett., 84 3181-3183,2004. 

Photovoltaic (PV) cells, 23 32-53. See also Photovoltaic materials commercial history of, 23 49—51 conducting polymer applications, 7 541 polymethine dyes in, 20 516—517 selenium, 22 100, 103 spectrum and band gap of, 23 37-39 structure of, 22 220-221 third generation, 23 44 workings of, 23 32-37 Photovoltaic detectors, 19 133, 138 Photovoltaic detectors/arrays/focal planes, 19 163-164... 

H. Spanggaard, F.C. Krebs, A brief history of the development of organic and polymeric photovoltaics, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 83 (2004) 125-146. 

Dye sensitization of electrodes is an old area of science with a rich history. The field has experienced renewed interest owing to the development of high surface area colloidal semiconductor electrodes. These materials yield impressive solar conversion efficiencies when employed in regenerative solar cells that have already found niche applications and have the real possibility of replacing traditional solid-state photovoltaics. Thus for the first time in history a solar cell designed to operate on a molecular level is useful from a practical point of view. It is also likely that other applications in the growing areas of molecular photonic materials will arise. 

In modem history, particularly in the recent decades, liquid crystals (LCs) have become a very important class of materials. Since the first invention of LC display (LCD), LCs have become the quintessential materials in information displays such as TVs, computer monitors, and digital displays. In the recent development of LC materials, LCs have moved rapidly beyond display applications and are evolving into entirely new scientific frontiers, opening broad avenues for versatile applications such as lasers, photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, field effect transistors, biosensors, switchable windows, and nanophotonics [1]. AU these applications benefit from LC s unique properties, e.g. self-organization and being able to... 

---