Photovoltaic cell organic cells

Photovoltaic cells - [PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS] (Vol 18) -cesium m [CESIUM AND CESIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 5) -as fuel resources [FUEL RESOURCES] (Vol 12) -PYF film for [FLUORINE COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC - POLY(VINYL FLUORIDE)] (Volll)... 

These examples of electrochromic devices serve to display the breadth of their applicability to any number of systems. Polymeric electrochromics, particularly those based on thiophene and its derivatives, show promise for use in display technologies. The processability of many of these systems makes them specifically suited for large-area applications, such as smart windows, billboards or organic photovoltaic cells (solar cells), which currently suffer from large environmental and practical costs when fabricating large-area devices. 

This field of organic polymer semiconductors is expected to be extensively explored since they can be greatly modified and because they hold tremendous promise for applications. Like organic photovoltaic cell, organic polymer semiconductors are attractive as photocatalysts, because they consist of abundant elements and can be mass-produced. 

Uses. Tballium compounds have limited use in industrial appHcations. The use of thaHous sulfate in rodenticides and insecticides has been replaced by other compounds less harmful to animals (see Insect control technology Pesticides). Tb allium sulfide has been used in photoelectric cells (see Photovoltaic cells). A thallium bromide—thallium iodide mixture is used to transmit infrared radiation for signal systems. ThaHous oxide is used in the manufacture of glass (qv) that has a high coefficient of refraction. Tb allium formate—malonate aqueous solutions (Cletici s solution) have been used in mineral separations. Many thallium compounds have been used as reagents in organic synthesis in researchlaboratoti.es. 

Peumans, P. Uchida, S. Forrest, S. R. 2003. Efficient bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells using small-molecular-weight organic thin films. Nature 425 158-162. 

CW Tang, Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48 183-185, 1986. 

Jin, S.H., et ah, Conformal coating of titanium suboxide on carbon nanotube networks by atomic layer deposition for inverted organic photovoltaic cells. Carbon, 2012. 50(12) p. 4483-4488. 

In spite of the high level of commercial success of inorganic semi-conductor based photovoltaic cells, they are unlikely to challenge seriously electricity generation from fossil fuels because they are costly to manufacture and it is also difficult to make large area cells. These difficulties have spurred on research into organic alternatives, especially those that can be incorporated into or be part of a polymer, thus making cell construction easier. 

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Liu Q, Liu Z, Zhang X et al (2008) Organic photovoltaic cells based on an acceptor of soluble graphene. Appl Phys Lett 92 223303... 

Tang CW (1986) 2-Layer organic photovoltaic cell. Appl Phys Lett 48 183... 

Xue JG, Uchida S, Rand BP, Eorrest SR (2004) 4.2% efficient organic photovoltaic cells with low series resistances. Appl Phys Lett 84 3013... 

High efficiency organic photovoltaic cells based on a vapor deposited squaraine... 

Stubinger T, Bruiting W (2001) Exciton diffusion and optical interference in organic donor-acceptor photovoltaic cells. J Appl Phys 90 3632... 

Luhman WA, Holmes RJ (2009) Enhanced exciton diffusion in an organic photovoltaic cell by energy transfer using a phosphorescent sensitizer. Appl Phys Lett 94 153304... 

Placencia D, Wang WN, Shallcross RC, Nebesny KW, Brumbach M, Armstrong NR (2009) Organic photovoltaic cells based on solvent-annealed, textured titanyl phthalocyanine/Ceo heterojunctions. Adv Fund Mater 19 1913... 

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