Photoluminescence poly

It is noteworthy that photoluminescent poly(vinylene-arsine)s have also been prepared by radical copolymerisation of phenylacetylene and an arsenic atomic biradical equivalent [71]. 

Z. Chen, H. Meng, Y. Lai, and W. Huang, Photoluminescent poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s with an aromatic oxiadiazole moiety as the side chain synthesis, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy study,... 

Organic solar cells Pentacene Photoluminescence Poly(l 4-phenylene vinylene) Silafluorene Silole... 

Keywords Poly(para-phenylene)s, Poly(para-phenylenevinylene)s, Oligomers, Photoluminescence, Electroluminescence, Light emitting diodes. 

The introduction of bulky side chains that contain adamantyl groups to poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV), a semiconducting conjugated polymer, decreases the number of interchain interactions. This action will reduce the aggregation quenching and polymer photoluminescence properties would be improved [93]. 

Zinc sulfide, with its wide band gap of 3.66 eV, has been considered as an excellent electroluminescent (EL) material. The electroluminescence of ZnS has been used as a probe for unraveling the energetics at the ZnS/electrolyte interface and for possible application to display devices. Fan and Bard [127] examined the effect of temperature on EL of Al-doped self-activated ZnS single crystals in a persulfate-butyronitrile solution, as well as the time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) of the compound. Further [128], they investigated the PL and EL from single-crystal Mn-doped ZnS (ZnS Mn) centered at 580 nm. The PL was quenched by surface modification with U-treated poly(vinylferrocene). The effect of pH and temperature on the EL of ZnS Mn in aqueous and butyronitrile solutions upon reduction of per-oxydisulfate ion was also studied. EL of polycrystalline chemical vapor deposited (CVD) ZnS doped with Al, Cu-Al, and Mn was also observed with peaks at 430, 475, and 565 nm, respectively. High EL efficiency, comparable to that of singlecrystal ZnS, was found for the doped CVD polycrystalline ZnS. In all cases, the EL efficiency was about 0.2-0.3%. 

Many of the linear conjugated tricyclic systems have interesting fluorescence or other electrophysical properties. Bis-pyrazolepyridines such as compound 30 have been incorporated into polymers as fluorescent chromophores <1999JMC339>, and used in doped polymer matrices <1997JMC2323>. They are electroluminescent at 425 nm and photoluminescent at 427 and 430 nm in a poly(vinylcarbazole) matrix with a quantum efficiency of 0.8. 

The photoelectronic properties of poly(dihexylgermane) were investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy, after one- and two-photon absorption. The spectra were compared with those of the analogous poly(dihexylsilane)111. 

Photoluminescence (PL) in the polysilanes is well documented,34b,34c and for the poly(diarylsilane)s occurs typically with a small Stokes shift and almost mirror image profile of the UV absorption.59 This is due to the similarity of the chromophore and fluorophore structures in the ground and excited states, respectively, which is a result of the fact that little structural change occurs on excitation of the electrons from the a to the a orbitals. As PL is the emissive counterpart to UV, the emissive counterpart to CD is circularly polarized pho-toluminescence (CPPL). Where the fluorophore is chiral, then the photoexcited state can return to the ground state with emission of circularly polarized light, the direction of polarization of which depends on the relative intensities of the right-handed and left-handed emissions (/R and /l, respectively), which in turn depends on the chirality of the material, or more accurately, the chirality... 

Poly(l,4-naphthylenevinylenes) have been prepared by metathesis polymerization of benzobarrelenes [181,182] and the photoluminescence properties of homopolymers and block-copolymers have been studied in some detail [183]. PPV also has been prepared via ROMP of [2.2]paracyclophane-l,9-diene [184] and ROMP of a paracyclophene that contains a solubilizing leaving group [185]. The resulting polymer is converted to PPV upon acid catalysis at room temperature. ADMET of 2,5-dialkyl-l,4-divinylbenzenes using Mo or W catalysts has... 

L Smilowitz, A Hays, AJ Heeger, G Wang, and JE Bowers, Time-resolved photoluminescence from poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene-vinylene] solutions, gels, films, and blends, J. Chem. Phys., 98 6504-6509, 1993. 

A Kadashchuk, Y Skryshevski, Y Piryatinski, A Vakhnin, EV Emelianova, VI Arkhipov, H Bassler, and J Shinar, Thermally stimulated photoluminescence in poly(2,5-dioctoxy p-phenylene vinylene), J. Appl. Phys., 91 5016-5023, 2002. 

D.M. Johansson, M. Theander, G. Srdanov, G. Yu, O. Inganas, and M.R. Andersson, Influence of polymerization temperature on molecular weight, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence for a phenyl-substituted poly(p-phenylene vinylenes), Macromolecules, 34 3716-3719, 2001. 

C.L. Gettinger, A.J. Heeger, J.H. Drake, and D.J. Pine, A photoluminescence study of poly (phenylene vinylene) derivatives the effect of intrinsic persistence length, J. Chem. Phys., 101 1673-1678, 1994. 

Z. Peng, J. Zhang, and B. Xu, New poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivatives exhibiting high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies, Macromolecules, 32 5162-5164, 1999. 

T. Ahn, S. Song, and H. Shim, Highly photoluminescent and blue-green electroluminescent polymers new silyl- and alkoxy-substituted poly(p-phenylene vinylene) related copolymers containing carbazole or fluorene groups, Macromolecules, 33 6764-6771, 2000. 

M. Hohloch, J.L. Segura, S.E. Dottinger, D. Honhholz, E. Steinhuber, H. Spreitzer, and M. Hanack, Design, synthesis and study of photoluminescence and electroluminescence of new poly(2,6-naphthylene vinylene) derivatives, Synth. Met., 84 319-322, 1997. 

M. Ariu, D.G. Lidzey, M. Sims, A.J. Cadby, P.A. Lane, and D.D.C. Bradley, The effect of morphology on the temperature-dependent photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene), J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 14 9975-9986, 2002. 

M. Ranger, D. Rondeau, and M. Leclerc, New well-defined poly(2,7-fluorene) derivatives photoluminescence and base doping, Macromolecules, 30 7686-7691, 1997. 

J.-I. Lee, G. Klaemer, and R.D. Miller, Oxidative stability and its effect on the photoluminescence of poly(fluorene) derivatives end group effects, Chem. Mater., 11 1083-1088, 1999. 

K. Yoshino, M. Hirohata, T. Sonoda, R. Hidayat, A. Fujii, A. Naka, and M. Ishikawa, Electroluminescence and photoluminescence characteristics of poly(disilanylene oligophenylenejs and poly(disilanylene oligothienylenejs, Synth. Met., 102 1158, 1999. 

L.S. Swanson, J. Shinar, Y.W. Ding, and T.J. Barton, Photoluminescence, electroluminescence, and optically detected magnetic resonance study of 2,5-dialkoxy derivatives of poly(p-phenylene acetylene) (PPA) and PPA-based light-emitting diodes, Synth. Met., 55 1-6, 1993. 

C. Weder and M.S. Wrighton, Efficient solid-state photoluminescence in new poly(2,5-dialkoxy-/j-phenylene ethynyleness, Macromolecules, 29 5157-5165, 1996. 

BMW Langeveld-Voss, R Janssen, MPT Christiaans, SCJ Meskers, HPJM Dekkers, and EW Meijer, Circular dichroism and circular polarization of photoluminescence of highly ordered poly 3,4-di[(5)-2-methylbutoxy]thiophene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 4908 -909, 1996. 

A Bolognesi, C Botta, and M Martinelli, Oriented poly(3-alkylthiophene) films absorption, photoluminescence and electroluminescence behaviour, Synth. Met., 121 1279-1280, 2001. 

D Katsis, HP Chen, SH Chen, LJ Rothberg, and T Tsutsui, Polarized photoluminescence from solid films of nematic and chiral-nematic poly(p-phenylene)s, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77 2982-2984, 2000. 

Recently, a very interesting example of solvatochromism was reported by Fujiki and co-workers.206 Poly(methyl-3,3,3-trifluoropropylsilylene), 87, synthesized via Wurtz coupling, showed solvatochromism as a result of weak, non-covalent intramolecular Si- -F-G interactions which rendered the conformation of the polysilane uniquely controllable by solvent choice and molecular weight. UV, shown in Figure 18, photoluminescence, NMR, and viscosity studies on the polymer indicated a 73 helical rod-like conformation at room temperature in non-coordinating solvents (e.g., toluene and decane), since the intramolecular interaction resulted in constraining the chain in a rigid helix. 

Gu Z, Bao Y-J, Zhang Y, Wang M, Shen Q-D (2006) Anionic water-soluble poly(phenyle-nevinylene) alternating copolymer high-efficiency photoluminescence and dual electroluminescence. Macromolecules 39 3125-3131... 

Montano GA, Dattelbaum AM, Wang H-L, Shreve AP (2004) Enhanced photoluminescence from poly(phenylene vinylene) dendrimer polyelectrolyte assemblies in solution. Chem Commun 2490-2491... 

Li G, Mianami N (2003) Increase of photoluminescence from fullerenes-doped poly (alkyl methacrylate) under laser irradiation. Journal of Photoluminescence 104 207. 

Nickel AML, Seker E, Ziemer BP, Ellis AB. Imprinted poly (acrylic acid) films on cadmium selenide. A composite sensor structure that couples selective amine binding with semiconductor substrate photoluminescence. Chem Mater 2001 13 1391-1397. 

DPAs and 1-phenyl-1-alkynes show intense photo- and electroluminescences. A systematic investigation on the luminescence of poly(DPAs) has revealed that these polymers exhibit photoluminescence around 530 nm and electroluminescence around 550 nm. In a similar way, poly(l-phenyl-1-alkynes) photochemically and electrochemi-cally emit strong lights with spectral maxima located around 455 and 470 nm, respectively. Green and blue emissions are observed from the electroluminescent devices using poly(DPAs) and poly(l-phenyl-1-alkynes) as the emission layers, respectively. ... 

Recently, Lee, Kwak, and coworkers have reported on mechanochromic photoluminescent LC polymer 5 (Fig. 5) [32]. This poly(diphenylacetylene) derivative has flexible dimethyloctadecylsilyl side chains. A solvent cast film made from toluene solution of compound 5 shows a smectic LC phase above 5 °C and phase transition to the isotropic phase is not observed until 200 °C. The cast film of compound 5 shows a blue emission. An orange emission can be observed when mechanical stimulus is induced to the cast film of compound 5. In the emission spectra, an additional shoulder appears after the mechanical stimulus is induced. The longer wavelength component is attributed to forming intermolecular excimers. The sky blue emission is recovered by annealing of compound 5 in hexane. 

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