Photogenotoxic effects

Salih, F.M. (2006) Risk assessment of combined photogenotoxic effects of sunlight and food additives. Science of the Total Environment 362(1-3), 68-73. 

Sunlight and other sources of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation can affect foods. For example, it has been shown that sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and benzoic acid exhibit additive photogenotoxic effects on Escherichia coli, causing increased mutations upon exposure to sunlight. I76l Such effects potentially increase the toxic risks associated with food additives. 

The test for photoinduced chromosomal aberrations (CA) is another suitable alternative for photogenotoxicity assessment. The clastogenic effects of 8-MOP or 5-MOP under UV irradiation, but not in the dark, in these test systems have been known for many years [30, 62]. More recently, a large study on quinolones using this method has been published [63]. However, this method is relatively labor-intensive. 

UV-induced toxic effects (phototoxicity, photogenotoxicity, photoallergy) Carcinogenicity... 

In the field of UV-induced toxic effects, identification of acute phototoxic hazards is regarded sufficiently covered by in vitro tests, consequently, animal testing for that endpoint can be 100% replaced. On the other hand, the in vitro genetic toxicity tests have been converted into test protocols of photogenotoxicity tests and for in vivo photoallergy testing (photosensitisation) no standard testing protocol exists. 

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