Phosphorus reduction

All of these techniques are available, but have not been well researched in terms of their nutrient removal efficiency. One exception is the recent work on the efficiency of buffer zones, which used figures of 10-15% for nitrogen and 20-30% for phosphorus reduction by wooded buffer zones in a study of the Slapton Tey catchment. 

Prepare a 200 ml gold sol by using white phosphorus reduction as described in Section 2, this chapter. 

The most extensive work on the catalyzed reaction was carried out with a nuclear gold sol (phosphorus reduction) added as the initial catalyst. The gold particles soon become coated with silver, so the major portion of the measured reaction is actually silver-catalyzed. The reaction rate is proportional to the surface area of the catalyst. This is shown by the following experimental results. 

White phosphorus reduction. White phosphorus, and indeed sodium or potassium thiocyanate, are fast reducers. Chloroauric acid is boiled under reflux with white phosphorus (6) dissolved in diethylether. Boiling is continued until the solution turns from a brownish shade to red—this usually takes about 5 mm. This method produces gold particles m the smaller size range (2-12 nm) Accurate production of the particle size range is not easy, and, since the procedure is potentially highly dangerous, it is not commonly used... 

Dimethyl-4-phenylbutyric acid has been prepared by ( leinmensen reductions- or by hydriodic acid, phosphorus reduction of 3-benzoyl-2,2-dimethylpropionic acid, and by catalytic reduction of 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-3-butenoic a( id. 

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (1989) State of Ohio phosphorus reduction strategy for Lake Erie - 1989 update. Columbus, Ohio, 24 pp. 

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (1988) Calculating phosphorus reduction values from agricultural land for Lake Erie Basin - Ohio. Columbus, Ohio, 88 pp. 

As is seen, in the NaPOs-NaCl system similar to Mo(V) and W(V) polyhedra of the same composition and structure are formed that predetermines possible similarity of their electrochemical behavior. Indeed, in the system studied the values of tungsten and molybdenum reduction potentials were proved to be almost identical and more positive as compared to the phosphorus reduction potential (Fig.4). In addition, solubility of molybdenum and tungsten trioxides was found to be fairly high and the binary system metaphosphate-sodium chloride rather low-melting. 

Skinner, H. F. "Methamphetamine Synthesis via HI/Red Phosphorus Reduction of Ephedrine." Forensic Science International, 481990,128-134. 

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