Phosphorus P

Phosphorus compounds are well known and important to many commercial products, making it a valuable and useful element. 

Because phosphorus has buta single stable isotope it sheds no light on isotopic anomalies within presolar material. P nucleosynthesis derives almost entirely from a single main-line source, neon burning, which occurs at the end of carbon burning in massive stars that will become Type II supernovae. 

31P is the only stable isotope of phosphorus therefore all elemental observations of its abundance are of the abundance of 31P. This isotope has 

31P is the 32nd mostabundantnucleus within the universe and the 17th mostabundant element. 

Phosphorus has notbeen well studied in stellar optical spectra. One anticipates a steady increase in the P/Mg ratio as stellar metallicity increases during chemical evolution ofthe Galaxy (see Glossary). 

Phosphorus exhibits three resonance lines at 177.435 nm, 178.223 nm and 178.705 nm in the vacuum-UV, which are not accessible to normal AA spectrometers, including HR-CSAAS. 

L vov and Khartsyzov [94] were the first to report the successful detmnination of phosphoms using the absorption lines at 213.547/213.618 nm and 214.914 nm, which emanate from metastable states. However, the sensitivity (cq 150mg/L) of the determination is relatively poor, even using the nitrous oxide / acetylene flame, and a careful selection of modifiers is necessary in order to obtain a characteristic mass of about mo = 5000 pg for the determination by GF A AS [22]. 

A slightly fuel-rich flame with an airflow of 14 L/min and an acetylene flow of 2 L/min resulted in the best sensitivity, and a characteristic concentration of cq = 70 mg/L phosphorus was determined. The linear dynamic range for the method was found to be more than three orders of magnitude. The LOD achieved was 1.3 mg/L for phosphorus using the PO line at 324.62 nm and an illumination time of 25 s. 

Name Formula State Color Solubility AG° (kJ/mole) 

The alkali metal and alkaline earth salts are soluble, as are many of the salts of other metals. 

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This latter reaction is used in the extraction of phosphorus (p. 208). 

Also present in the first test tube is a synthetic analog of ATP in which both the 2 and 3 hydroxyl groups have been replaced by hydrogens This compound is called 2 3 dideoxyadenosme triphosphate (ddATP) Similarly ddTTP is added to the second tube ddGTP to the third and ddCTP to the fourth Each tube also contains a primer The primer is a short section of the complementary DNA strand which has been labeled with a radioactive isotope of phosphorus ( P) When the electrophoresis gel is examined at the end of the experiment the positions of the DNAs formed by chain extension of the primer are located by a technique called autoradiography which detects the particles emitted by the P isotope... 

Some elements contain a fixed number of neutrons, as with fluorine (P = 9, N = 10) and phosphorus (P = 15, N = 16). For their natural occurrences, atoms of any one such element all have the same mass (F= 19 P = 31). 

This method is used for the determination of total chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), beiylhum (Be), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), phosphorus (P), thalhum (Tl), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), and mer-cuiy (Hg) stack emissions from stationaiy sources. This method may also be used for the determination of particulate emissions fohowing the procedures and precautions described. However, modifications to the sample recoveiy and analysis procedures described in the method for the purpose of determining particulate emissions may potentially impacl the front-half mercury determination. 

Phosphides are binary compounds containing anionic phosphorus (P ). Heavy metal, alkali, and alkaline earth metal phosphides exist but few of them are commercially important. Phosphides hydrolyze to the flammable and toxic gas phosphine (PH3). The hydrolysis reaction of aluminum phosphide is given below ... 

AsXs and SbXs react with alcohols (especially in the presence of bases) and with sodium alkoxide to give arsenite and antimonite esters, M(0R)3 (cf. phosphorus, (p. 515) ... 

As with phosphorus (p. 533) there is an extensive derivative chemistry of these and related compounds. ... 

Phosphorus, P , exposed to air bums spontaneously to give P4O10 the AH of this reaction is —712 kcal/mole P4. 

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