Phosphorus, electrolyte/acid-base

Sodium, potassium and chloride are the primary dietary ions that influence the electrolytic balance and acid-base status, and the proper dietary balance of sodium, potassium and chloride is necessary for growth, bone development, eggshell quality and AA utilization. Potassium is the third most abundant mineral in the body after calcium and phosphorus, and is the most abundant mineral in muscle tissue. It is involved in electrolyte balance and neuromuscular function. The content of potassium in poultry diets is usually adequate. Chloride is present in gastric juice and chlorine is part of the HC1 molecule which assists in the breakdown of feed in the proventriculus. Sodium is essential for nerve membrane stimulation and ionic transport across cell membranes. Signs of sodium, potassium or chloride deficiency include reduced appetite, poor growth, dehydration and increased mortality. 

Phosphorus is an electrolyte (anion) in intracellular fluid that is converted by the body into phosphate. Phosphorus is involved in the function of red blood cells, muscles, the nervous system, acid-base buffering, and metabolizing carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Phosphorus is mostly stored in bones, absorbed in the GI tract, and excreted in urine and a small amount in feces. 

Maintenance of fluid volume, osmolarity, electrolyte balance, and acid-base status are aU regulated in large part by the kidney. Homeostasis of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus is altered due to changes in urinary excretion that occur in patients with impaired kidney function. A comprehensive discussion... 

Tetrahydrostrychnine, CgjHggOgNg. HgO. This substance, also formed by the electrolytic reduction of strychnine, crystallises from alcohol in prisms, m.p. 202°, gives colour reactions of the strychnidine type, and yields both neutral and acid salts the hydrochloride, B. HCl, occurs in small needles readily soluble in water and the dihydriodide, B. 2HI. 2HjO, in pyramidal crystals. The base yields an amorphous nitrosoamine, the hydrochloride of which crystallises from warm water in lustrous, yellowish prisms. It also furnishes a crystalline monoacetyl derivative, and on heating with hydrochloric acid or phosphorus oxychloride is dehydrated to strychnidine. 

Contents Background and Technical Aspects of the Chemical Industry. - Air Quality and Emission Control. - Water Quality Emission Control. - Natural and Derived Sodium and Potassium Salts. - Industrial Bases by Chemical Routes. - Electrolytic Sodium Hydrocide and Chlorine and Related Commodities. -Sulfur and Sulfuric Add. - Phosphorus and Phosphoric Acid. - Ammonia, Nitric Add and their Derivatives. - Aluminium and Compounds. - Ore Enrichment and Smelting of Copper. - Production of Iron Steel. - Production of Pulp and Paper. - Fermentation Processes. - Petroleum Production and Transport. - Petroleum Refining. - Formulae and Conversion Factors. - Subject Index. 

The conversion of tetrahydroberberine into tetrahydropalmatine, first achieved by Spath and Lang, is described elsewhere (p. 292). By demethylenating berberine sulphate Sp th and Quietensky obtained the dihydric phenolic base (XXV R = R = H), which on complete 0-methylation yielded palmatine (XXV R = R = Me), and on partial methylation gave jatrorrhizine (XXV R = H R = Me), the latter being isolated and identified as di-tetrahydrojatrorrhizine (p. 291). Columbamine is represented by (XXV R = Me R = H). A complete synthesis of palmatine was effected by Haworth, Koepfli and Perkin, who condensed 3 4-dimethoxyAomophthalic anhydride with 8-veratryl-ethylamine to -j8-veratrylethyl-3 4-dimethoxy omophthalamic acid, the methyl ester (XXVI) of which was converted by treatment with phosphorus oxychloride into oxypalinatine (XXVII), CjiHjiO N, buff-coloured prisms, m.p. 183°. This behaves like oxyberberine (XXII, p. 335), and on electrolytic reduction yields dZ-tetrahydropalmatine, m.p. 147°, which on oxidation with iodine in alcohol furnished palmatine (XXV R = R = Me) in the form of the iodide, m.p. 241° (dec.). 

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