Phosphoric acid boron fluoride

Phosphoric acid boron fluoride 1,1-Diarylalkanes from 1,1-alkoxyhalides... 

Phosphoric acid-boron fluoride C-Alkylation of arenes with ethylene derivatives... 

Boron fluoride phosphoric acid acetyl fluoride Fluorides from ethers... 

Isopropylnaphthalenes can be prepared readily by the catalytic alkylation of naphthalene with propjiene. 2-lsopropylnaphthalene [2027-17-0] is an important intermediate used in the manufacture of 2-naphthol (see Naphthalenederivatives). The alkylation of naphthalene with propjiene, preferably in an inert solvent at 40—100°C with an aluminum chloride, hydrogen fluoride, or boron trifluoride—phosphoric acid catalyst, gives 90—95% wt % 2-isopropylnaphthalene however, a considerable amount of polyalkylate also is produced. Preferably, the propylation of naphthalene is carried out in the vapor phase in a continuous manner, over a phosphoric acid on kieselguhr catalyst under pressure at ca 220—250°C. The alkylate, which is low in di- and polyisopropylnaphthalenes, then is isomerized by recycling over the same catalyst at 240°C or by using aluminum chloride catalyst at 80°C. After distillation, a product containing >90 wt % 2-isopropylnaphthalene is obtained (47). 

Paushkin and Topchiev also used H3P()4-BF3 at room temperature to alkylate benzene with olefins (287,402). For alkylation of benzene with alcohols, temperatures of 90-97° and a feed mole ratio of 0.5 alcohol 1.0 benzene 0.5 catalyst were recommended (394). In a recent study (400a) these authors supplemented their previously published views (396) concerning the properties of boron fluoride complexes with phosphoric acid, alcohols, and sulfuric acid as catalysts. Data on the electroconductivity of these catalysts was correlated with their activity in alkylation of isobutane and it was concluded (400a) that the acid ion concentration did not affect the alkylation or polymerization reactions over these catalysts, and therefore the carbonium ion mechanism was not applicable. 

The ether linkage of ordinary open-chain ethers is stable towards most fluorinating agents only few examples of the fluorination of dialkyl ethers are known. l-Fluorobicyclo[2.2.2]octane (2 a) and l-fluoro-4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]oclane (2 b) can be obtained by treatment of the corresponding methyl ethers 1 with acetyl fluoride in the presence of boron trifluoride-phosphoric acid complex in good yield. ... 

ACIDS, INORGANIC Boric acid. Chloro-Iridic acid. Hydrobtomic acid. Hydrochloric acid. Hydrogen bromide. Hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride-Boron trifluoride. ion-exchange resins. Nitric acid. Periodic acid. Phosphoric acid. Folyphosphoric acid. Sulfuric acid. 

The usefulness of catalysts other than aluminum chloride, e.g., anhydrous hydrogen fluoride 202, 223), boron trifluoride 100), and phosphoric acid 94), has been examined. The mercuration reaction which is characteristic of aromatic systems takes place also for ferrocene, as has been described by Nesmeyanov and his co-workers 143,147) Through the mercury compounds these workers have also obtained the halogeno-ferrocenes. 

Catalysis. An apparent characteristic of many alkylation and dealkylation reactions is their initial slowness, and it has been necessary to resort to catalysis to make the reactions proceed at a rate that will be commercially feasible. Mineral acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric, hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric, are widely employed as are aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, boron fluoride, etc. With a wide variety of catalysts and alkylating agents to choose from, the choice of agents to use will depend on the relative costs and the reaction rates which will result. 

Alkylation of Aromatics. Aromatic hydrocarbons containing a replaceable hydrogen can be alkylated unless steric effects prevent introduction of the alkyl group (61,78-82). The reaction is called the Friedel-Crafts alkylation, first realized in the presence of aluminum chloride, which is the catalyst still the most frequently used and studied in Friedel-Crafts reactions. In addition, many other acid catalysts are effective (80,82-84). These include other Lewis acids (other aluminum halides, gallium chloride, boron trifluoride, ferric chloride, zinc chloride, stannous and stannic chloride, antimony chloride) and protic acids (hydrogen fluoride, concentrated sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, trifluo-romethanesulfonic acid, and alkane- and arenesulfonic acids). 

Olefins. Olefins can be employed for the alkylation of aromatic compounds by using acid catalysts such as hydrogen fluoride, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, boron trifluoride,and aluminum chloride. ... 

Sources Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin Folate, Vitamin B, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) Dietary Reference hitakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005) and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu... 

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