Phosphonates pentaerythritol

Cyclic oligomeric phosphonates with the varying degrees of structural complexity (Structure 5.4) are also available in the market.25 They are widely used as flame-retardant finishes for polyester fabrics. After the phosphonate is applied from an aqueous solution, the fabric is heated to swell and soften the fibers, thus allowing the phosphonate to be absorbed and strongly held. It is also a useful retardant in polyester resins, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyamide-6, and in textile back coatings. A bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate has been more recently introduced into the market for use in thermosets as well as for polyolefins (preferably, in combination with melamine or ammonium polyphosphate)... 

At Bolton, we also have attempted to introduce volatile and possible vapor phase-active, phosphorus-based FR components in back-coating formulations.60 62 The selected FRs included tributyl phosphate (TBP), a monomeric cyclic phosphate Antiblaze CU (Rhodia Specialties) and the oligomeric phosphate-phosphonate Fyrol 51 (Akzo). When combined with an intumescent char-forming pentaerythritol (PER) derivative (NH1197, Chemtura) and applied as a back-coating on to cotton and polypropylene substrates, significant improvements in overall flame retardancy were observed. 

Dioctadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxybenzyl)phosphonate, 2 == 2,6-Bis(2-octadecyl)-4-methylphenol, 3 = 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol, 4 = Pentaerythritol tetra-kis[3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxyphenyl)Jpropoinate], 5 = 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimeth-ylphenol, 6 = 2-tert-Butylphenol, 7 = 2,6-Diisopropylphenol, 8 = 1,3,5-Tris[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxybenzyl)]-2,4,6-trihydroxytriazine, 9 = l,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tris[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxybenzyl)]benzene, 10 == Methyl 3-[3,5-di-tert-hutyl-4-(hydroxyphenyl)jpropionate, 11 = Monoethyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxybenzyl)-vhosphonate, nickel salt, 12 = 2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol, 13 = 4,4 -Methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 14 = 2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol, 15 = Alkylated 2-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol, 16 = 2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol, 17 = Methyl 3-[3-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxyphenyl)]propionate, 18 = 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol. 

Alexandratos and Zhu used as phosphorus pendant groups a phosphonate diester (PDE), a phosphorylated ethylene glycol (PEG), and a phosphorylated pentaerythritol (PPE) in order to functionalize the polystyrene resins (Scheme 11.7). ... 

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