Phillips Plant part

A simple cell design is required to reduce capital costs. The cost of the raw materials, HF and electricity, are not negligible, but they are minor. The pilot plant cell design shown in Fig. 16 is derived from the callandria cell developed for the Phillips ECF process.14 The cell body and internals are of mild steel pipe selected to be resistant to hydrogen embrittlement. Figure 17 is a horizontal section through the working part of the cell. 

The ratio of a sample is measured in relation to a standard to improve the accuracy and precision of accelerator mass spectrometry measurements (Elmore and Phillips, 1987). Multiplying the ratio by 1000 results in the delta (del) values having units of parts per thousand, also know as per mil (%o). For standards, it is necessary to use wood from trees harvested before about 1850 pre-industrial, to avoid the Suess effects. The standard value for pre-industrialized atmospheric CO2 is 13.56 dpm g-1 or 14C/C equals 1.176 x 10-12 (Broecker and Peng, 1982). A correction term involving the effects of isotopic fractionation (IF) are also subtracted out of this equation. Isotopes are fractionated due to physical and chemical reactions (more details in the following section), thereby making the abundance of carbon isotopes (12C, 13C, and 14C) different in plants (Faure, 1986). The National Bureau of Standards currently provides an oxalic acid 14C standard that is used for this correction however, there have been many problems associated with development of this standard (Craig, 1954, 1961 Stuiver and Polach, 1977). 

In a series of experiments, Karban and Shiojin (2009) demonstrated that plants not only communicate with one another by airborne chemical cues, but that they can also distinguish between chemicals emitted by parts of their own selves from chemicals emitted by others. These chemical cues can be used to protect plants against further insect and herbivore damage (Phillips, 2009). 

Different market conditions rendered attractive the use of the process in the reverse direction to produce polymerization grade propene from ethylene and but-2-ene. In this process, but-2-ene can be obtained directly from the C4 fraction of a naphthta cracker or by dimerization of ethylene. In 1985, the Lyondell Petrochemical Co. started to operate a plant at Channelview (Texas, U.S.A.), for the production of 135000 tons of propene per year. In this process, part of the ethylene formed by cracking units of ethane is dimerized to but-2-ene using a homogeneous nickel catalyst developed by Phillips. This but-2-ene reacts with the rest of ethylene, on the classical Phillips catalyst, to produce propene. 

Numerous extraction procedures are available for lipids, and this subject has been reviewed by Phillips and Privett (1979), Christie (1984), and Fried (1993). Of all extraction procedures, that of Folch et al. (1957) is used most frequently. This procedure involves extracting fresh animal or plant material with chloroform-methanol (2 1), usually in a volume ratio of 20 parts of the solvent to 1 part tissue or fluid. There are many variations of the Folch et al. (1957) procedure, and for descriptions of these variations, see Christie (1982, 1984). Experiment 4 involves the use of the Folch et al. (1957) procedure on 100 mg of animal tissue and 100 pi of serum. The Folch et al. (1957) procedure extracts nonlipid material along with lipids. Nonlipids are usually removed by an aqueous wash with either water or a dilute salt solution. Phillips and Privett (1979) devised an extraction procedure for brain tissue in which nonlipid material is first removed with dilute acetic acid. The brain tissue is then treated with chloroform-methanol essentially as described in Folch et al. (1957) to get a relatively pure lipid fraction. Because so many different lipid extraction procedures have been used prior to TLC analysis, different results for a given separation may reflect technique differences rather than acmal differences in lipid constituents of a sample. 

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