Phenolic acid production assessment

An assessment of the rates and duration of phenolic acid production from a residue is an important first step. Laboratory and field studies for assessing the dynamics of phenolic acid production must include considerations of the nature of the residue, soil properties, nutrient status of the system, microbial biomass interrelationships, temperature, moisture, residue placement in or on the soil, and other factors that relate to the field. Soil properties in the field are especially important when organic residues are incorporated. When soils are wet, such as those with more than -0.02 MPa water potential, oxygen diffusion is impeded and anaerobic conditions prevail, especially in soils that are high in clay content. Under these circumstances, microbial byproducts change dramatically and one result, for example, is an increase in the production of phenolic acids. Phenolic acid production is also affected by temperature (22) and soil fertility status (23). While the C H ratio of an organic residue may influence the rate of its decomposition and, hence, the rate of phenolic acid production, the... 

Bertin C, Harmon R, Akaogi M, Weidenhamer ID, Weston LA (2009) Assessment of the phytotoxic potential of m-tyrosine in laboratory soil bioassays. J Chem Ecol 35 1288-1294 Blum U (1996) Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids. J Nematol 28 259-267 Blum U (1998) Effects of microbial utilization of phenolic acids and their phenolic add breakdown products on allelopathic interactions. J Chem Ecol 24 685-708... 

Cuvelier et al. (1996) assessed the antioxidant activity of 24 pilot-plant and commercial rosemary extracts and identified 22 different compounds for investigation. These included diterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. There was no apparent correlation between antioxidant activity and extract composition but the most effective extracts contained camosol, rosmarinic acid, and camosic acid and, to a lesser extent, caffeic acid, rosmanol, rosmadial, cirsimaritin, and genkwanin. Camosol was a component of all 24 extracts while rosmarinic and camosic acids were found in 83% and 71% of the extracts, respectively (Cuvelier et al, 1996). Richheimer et al. (1996) also evaluated the antioxidant components in a variety of plant and commercial rosemary products. In the commercial products, camosol and camosic acid were the predominant forms with low levels of methyl camosate. No clear relationship between the type of commercial rosemary extract and antioxidant composition was established. These investigators found that 7-methoxy-rosmanol was present in the commercial extracts but not in extracts obtained... 

This study was conducted to assess the behavior of various coals with respect to solubilization by acid catalyzed depolymer-ization with phenol. Ash removal, phenol uptake, and reactions of other solvent systems were considered and the hydrogenolysis of a number of coals and of their depolymerized products were compared. 

The ferric-oxalate system that is formed in the presence of oxalic acid and under UV radiation using samples based on nitrides of silicon (528) and boron (B90) is also quite promising for the destruction of phenol. However, the efficiency of the catalyst is determined not only by the fullness of the pollutant oxidation but also by the depth of its destruction. In this regard, the depth of phenol degradation (under conditions of maximal activity of composites) was assessed and products of phenol degradation determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry... 

The proton-induced disproportionation and the oxidation of superoxide have been assessed with respect to the conditions necessary for the production of singlet or triplet state dioxygen.The disproportionation in strongly acid conditions is of second order with respect to [O2], but with less acidic systems such as phenols and water the rate is first order with respect to superoxide and to acidic reagent, proton transfer being the rate-determining step. " ... 

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