Phenol pilot study

Wolff MS, Teitelbaum SL, Windham G, Pinney SM, Britton JA, Chelimo C, Godhold J, Biro E, Kushi LH, Pfeiffer CM, Calafat AM (2007) Pilot study of urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols in girls. Environ Health Perspect 115 116-121... 

The technology primarily treats clays because their physical and chemical properties, such as external and internal active surfaces produced by their fine crystalline structure, make them difficult to decontaminate. ARC asserts that pilot studies showed that the technology works well on perchloroethylene (PCE), xylene, phenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). 

Rudel et al. (2001) reported concentrations of nonylphenol and its mono- and di-ethoxylates up to 14 mg kg 1 in house dust for a 7-sample pilot study in the USA. Concentrations of ethoxylated octylphenols did not exceed 5 mg kg"1. Of the more than 30 phenols analyzed only 4-nonylphenol was found in air with concentrations up to 0.118pgm"3. Wilson, Chuang and Lyu (2001) reported the nonylphenol content of dust samples from 10 child care centers (USA) to be 4.16-13. Smgkg 1 the Bisphenol A content to be 1.04—4.51 mgkg 1, respectively. In their study concentrations in air amounted to 0.052-0.527 ggm 3 for nonylphenol and up to 0.0018ggm 3 for Bisphenol A. 

Ku H, Rogers D, Davey R, Cardona F and Trada M (2008), Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites pilot study , J Mater Eng Perform, 17, 85-90. 

Hydrolysis using aqueous alkaH has been found to remove ash material including pyrite. A small pilot plant for studying this process was built at the BatteUe Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio (74) and subsequentiy discontinued. Other studies have produced a variety of gases and organic compounds such as phenols, nitrogen bases, Hquid hydrocarbons, and fatty acids totaling as much as 13 wt % of the coal. The products indicate that oxidation and other reactions as weU as hydrolysis take place. 

Initially, the interest was on the oxidation of model substances or, in any case, of substances whose oxidation was already studied by other technologies, the results of which could be used for comparison. Phenol and oxalic acid were often considered to model the behaviour of the aromatic and aliphatic fractions of the waste, respectively. Single component artificial solutions were firstly considered. Then, attention was focused also to different substances, such as substituted phenols, or more complex molecules such as those of dyes. Moreover, an increasing number of papers dealt with the treatment of real wastes but in any case, at the moment, the study is performed on a laboratory scale or, in a few cases, on a pilot scale. Some studies reported the treatment of multi-component solutions which better simulate the real composition of the waste, at least concerning some peculiar characteristics of it. This is the case, e.g., of works on oxidation of dyes in which chlorides were added to the model solutions. 

Kinetic Study of the Phenolysis Reaction. With the demonstration that all of the already outlined deficiencies of ammonium lignin sulfonates as a phenol replacement can be reduced by phenolysis, attention was turned to consideration of the construction of a pilot plant scale continuous tube reactor. This is needed in order to prepare the large amounts of phenolyzed lignin sulfonates required for resin synthesis and testing under plywood production conditions. 

In addition to the investigation of numerous model compounds, real wastes from chemical, pharmaceutical and food industry, from municipal sewage treatment plants, and from military and nuclear power facilities were tested in bench and pilot scale plants [110]. For a better understanding of supercritical water oxidation, single components like 2,4-dinitrotoluene, acetic acid, ammonia, aniline, cyanide, dichloromethane, ethanol, formic add, hexachlorocydohexane, hydrogen, phenol, PVC, DDT, pyridine, thiophene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane were studied. From these experiments, kinetic data were obtained. The destruction efficiency, which is the ratio between the residual total organic carbon content (TOC) and the initial TOC achieved for these compounds is up to 99.999 % [83]. Also flames in supercritical water, e.g. by oxidation of methane with oxygen, have been studied [111, 112]. 

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